HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder
| Subclass of | cognitive disorder, AIDS related disease, HIV encephalopathy  |
|---|---|
| Health specialty | psychiatry |
| NCI Thesaurus ID | C2864 |
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) be neurological disorders wey be associate plus HIV infection den AIDS. E be a syndrome of progressive deterioration of memory, cognition, behavior, den motor function insyd HIV-infected individuals during de late stages of de disease, wen immunodeficiency be severe.[1] HAND fi include neurological disorders of various severity. HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders be associated plus a metabolic encephalopathy dem induce by HIV infection den fuel by immune activation of macrophages den microglia.[2] Dese cells be actively infected plus HIV den secrete neurotoxins of both host den viral origin. De essential features of HIV-associated dementia (HAD) be disabling cognitive impairment wey be accompanied by motor dysfunction, speech problems den behavioral change.[3] Cognitive impairment be characterised by mental slowness, trouble plus memory den poor concentration. Motor symptoms dey include a loss of fine motor control wey dey lead to clumsiness, poor balance den tremors. Behavioral changes fi include apathy, lethargy den diminished emotional responses den spontaneity. Histopathologically, e be identified by de infiltration of monocytes den macrophages into de central nervous system (CNS), gliosis, pallor of myelin sheaths, abnormalities of dendritic processes den neuronal loss.[2][4]
HAD typically dey occur after years of HIV infection wey e be associated plus low CD4+ T cell levels den high plasma viral loads. Dem sam times dey see am as de first sign of de onset of AIDS. Prevalence be between 10 den 24% insyd Western countries[5] wey na e be seen insyd 1–2% of India-based infections.[6][7] Plus de advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), na de incidence of HAD decline insyd developed countries, although ein prevalence dey increase.[8][9] HAART fi prevent anaa delay de onset of HAD insyd people plus HIV infection, wey e sanso fi improve mental function insyd people wey already get HAD.
Dementia dey exist per wen neurocognitive impairment insyd de patient be severe enough to interfere markedly plus day-to-day function. Dat be, de patient be typically unable to work wey dem no fi be able to take care of demaselves. Before dis, dem say de patient get a mild neurocognitive disorder.
References
[edit | edit source]- ↑ "Ovid: Welcome to Ovid". ovidsp.dc2.ovid.com. Retrieved 2026-01-09.
- 1 2 Gray F, Adle-Biassette H, Chretien F, Lorin de la Grandmaison G, Force G, Keohane C (2001). "Neuropathology and neurodegeneration in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Pathogenesis of HIV-induced lesions of the brain, correlations with HIV-associated disorders and modifications according to treatments". Clinical Neuropathology. 20 (4): 146–55. PMID 11495003.
- ↑ "HIV-Associated Dementia - Neurologic Disorders". MSD Manual Professional Edition (in English).
- ↑ Adle-Biassette H, Levy Y, Colombel M, Poron F, Natchev S, Keohane C, Gray F (June 1995). "Neuronal apoptosis in HIV infection in adults". Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology. 21 (3): 218–27. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2990.1995.tb01053.x. PMID 7477730. S2CID 19576463.
- ↑ Grant I, Sacktor H, McArthur J (2005). "HIV neurocognitive disorders" (PDF). In Gendelman HE, Grant I, Everall I, Lipton SA, Swindells S (eds.). The Neurology of AIDS (2nd ed.). London, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 357–373. ISBN 978-0-19-852610-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-09-23. Retrieved 2006-04-06.
- ↑ Satishchandra P, Nalini A, Gourie-Devi M, Khanna N, Santosh V, Ravi V, et al. (January 2000). "Profile of neurologic disorders associated with HIV/AIDS from Bangalore, south India (1989-96)". The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 111: 14–23. PMID 10793489.
- ↑ Wadia RS, Pujari SN, Kothari S, Udhar M, Kulkarni S, Bhagat S, Nanivadekar A (March 2001). "Neurological manifestations of HIV disease". The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India. 49: 343–8. PMID 11291974.
- ↑ Ellis R, Langford D, Masliah E (January 2007). "HIV and antiretroviral therapy in the brain: neuronal injury and repair". Nature Reviews. Neuroscience. 8 (1): 33–44. doi:10.1038/nrn2040. PMID 17180161. S2CID 12936673.
- ↑ González-Scarano F, Martín-García J (January 2005). "The neuropathogenesis of AIDS". Nature Reviews. Immunology. 5 (1): 69–81. doi:10.1038/nri1527. PMID 15630430. S2CID 21564599.