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HIV/AIDS

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HIV/AIDS
Other namesHIV disease, HIV infection[1]
A red ribbon insyd de shape of a bow
The red ribbon be a awareness ribbon#Awareness Ribbon origin (symbol) for solidarity plus HIV-positive people den those wey dey live plus AIDS.[2]
SpecialtyInfectious disease, immunology
Symptoms
  • Early: Flu-like illness
  • Later: Large lymph nodes, fever, weight loss
ComplicationsOpportunistic infections, tumors
DurationLifelong
CausesHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Risk factorsUnprotected anal anaa vaginal sex, having anoda sexually transmitted infection, needle sharing, medical procedures wey dey involve unsterile cutting anaa piercing, den experiencing needlestick injury
Diagnostic methodBlood tests
PreventionUsing male anaa female condom during sex,[3] dem be tested for HIV den sexually transmitted infections, dem dey get a voluntary medical male circumcision, dem dey use harm reduction services give people wey dey inject den dey use drugs, antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) (wey dey include oral Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) den long acting products, dapivirine vaginal rings, injectable long acting cabotegravir, etc. post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) safe sex
TreatmentAntiretroviral drugs (ARVs)
Prognosis
  • Normal life expectancy plus treatment
  • 11 years life expectancy widout treatment
Frequency
  • 71.3–112.8 million total cases
  • 1.3 million new cases (2022)
  • 39.9 million wey dey live plus HIV (2023)
Deaths
  • 42.3 million total deaths
  • 630,000 (2023)

De human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)[4][5][6] be a retrovirus[7] wey dey attack de immune system. E be a preventable disease.[8] E fi be managed plus treatment wey e cam turn a manageable chronic health condition.[8] While der be no cure anaa vaccine give HIV, antiretroviral treatment fi slow de course of de disease, wey if dem use am before significant disease progression, fi extend de life expectancy of sam bro wey dey live plus HIV to a nearly standard level.[8][9] An HIV-positive person on treatment fi expect make dem live a normal life, den die plus de virus, no be of am.[9][10] Effective treatment give HIV-positive people (people wey dey live plus HIV) dey involve a life-long regimen of medicine make e suppress de virus, wey dey make de viral load undetectable. Widout treatment e fi lead to a spectrum of conditions wey dey include acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).[11]

Treatment be recommended as soon as dem make de diagnosis.[12] An HIV-positive person wey get an undetectable viral load as a result of long-term treatment get effectively no risk of transmitting HIV sexually.[13][14] Na campaigns by UNAIDS den organizations around de world communicate dis as Undetectable = Untransmittable.[15] Widout treatment de infection fi interfere plus de immune system, den eventually progress to AIDS, sam times e dey take chaw years. Dey follow initial infection an individual no fi notice any symptoms, anaa fi experience a brief period of influenza-like illness.[16] During dis period de person no fi know say dem be HIV-positive, yet dem fi be able make dem pass on de virus. Typically, dis period be followed by a prolonged incubation period plus no symptoms.[10] Eventually de HIV infection dey increase de risk of developing oda infections such as tuberculosis, as well as oda opportunistic infections, den tumors wich be rare insyd people wey get normal immune function.[16] De late stage sanso often be associated plus unintended weight loss.[10] Widout treatment a person wey dey live plus HIV fi expect make dem live for 11 years.[17] Early testing fi show if treatment be needed make e stop dis progression den make e prevent infecting odas.

HIV be spread primarily by unprotected sex (wey dey include anal, oral den vaginal sex), contaminated hypodermic needles anaa blood transfusions, den from mommie to kiddie during pregnancy, delivery, anaa breastfeeding.[18] Sam bodily fluids, such as saliva, sweat, den tears, no dey transmit de virus.[19] Oral sex get little risk of transmitting de virus.[20] Ways make dem avoid catching HIV den dey prevent de spread dey include safe sex, treatment make dem prevent infection ("PrEP"), treatment make e stop infection in sam bro wey be recently exposed ("PEP"),[21] treating those wey be infected, den needle exchange programs. Disease insyd a baby often fi be prevented by make dem dey give both de mommie den kiddie antiretroviral medication.[21]

Pathophysiology

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HIV/AIDS dem explain insyd a simple way
HIV replication cycle

References

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  1. ↑ "HIV Classification: CDC and WHO Staging Systems". AIDS Education & Training Center Program. Archived from the original on October 18, 2017. Retrieved September 10, 2017.
  2. ↑ "Wear your red ribbon this World AIDS Day". UNAIDS. Archived from the original on September 10, 2017. Retrieved September 10, 2017.
  3. ↑ "HIV and AIDS". World Health Organization. 22 July 2024. Archived from the original on December 24, 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2024.
  4. ↑ Sepkowitz KA (June 2001). "AIDS – the first 20 years". The New England Journal of Medicine. 344 (23): 1764–72. doi:10.1056/NEJM200106073442306. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 11396444.
  5. ↑ Krämer, Alexander; Kretzschmar, Mirjam; Krickeberg, Klaus (2010). Modern infectious disease epidemiology concepts, methods, mathematical models, and public health (Online-Ausg. ed.). New York: Springer. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-387-93835-6. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved June 27, 2015.
  6. ↑ Kirch, Wilhelm (2008). Encyclopedia of Public Health. New York: Springer. pp. 676–77. ISBN 978-1-4020-5613-0. Archived from the original on September 11, 2015. Retrieved June 27, 2015.
  7. ↑ "Retrovirus Definition". AIDSinfo. Archived from the original on December 28, 2019. Retrieved December 28, 2019.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 "HIV and AIDS". World Health Organization. July 22, 2024. Archived from the original on December 24, 2017. Retrieved October 26, 2024.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 UNAIDS (May 18, 2012). "The quest for an HIV vaccine". Archived from the original on May 24, 2012.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 About HIV/AIDS". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). December 6, 2015. Archived from the original on February 24, 2016. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
  11. ↑ "About HIV/AIDS". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). December 6, 2015. Archived from the original on February 24, 2016. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
  12. ↑ Guideline on when to start antiretroviral therapy and on pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV (PDF). World Health Organization. 2015. p. 13. ISBN 978-92-4-150956-5. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 14, 2015.
  13. ↑ McCray, Eugene; Mermin, Jonathan (September 27, 2017). "Dear Colleague: September 27, 2017". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Archived from the original on January 30, 2018. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
  14. ↑ LeMessurier, J; Traversy, G; Varsaneux, O; Weekes, M; Avey, MT; Niragira, O; Gervais, R; Guyatt, G; Rodin, R (November 19, 2018). "Risk of sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus with antiretroviral therapy, suppressed viral load and condom use: a systematic review". Canadian Medical Association Journal. 190 (46): E1350–E1360. doi:10.1503/cmaj.180311. PMC 6239917. PMID 30455270.
  15. ↑ "Undetectable = untransmittable". UNAIDS. Archived from the original on December 11, 2023. Retrieved August 26, 2022.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "HIV/AIDS Fact sheet N°360". World Health Organization. November 2015. Archived from the original on February 17, 2016. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
  17. ↑ UNAIDS; World Health Organization (December 2007). "2007 AIDS epidemic update" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 27, 2008. Retrieved March 12, 2008.
  18. ↑ Rom WN, Markowitz SB, eds. (2007). Environmental and occupational medicine (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 745. ISBN 978-0-7817-6299-1. Archived from the original on September 11, 2015. Retrieved June 27, 2015.
  19. ↑ "HIV and Its Transmission". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2003. Archived from the original on February 4, 2005. Retrieved May 23, 2006.
  20. ↑ "Preventing Sexual Transmission of HIV". HIV.gov. April 9, 2021. Archived from the original on February 1, 2022. Retrieved February 1, 2022.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 "HIV/AIDS Fact sheet N°360". World Health Organization. November 2015. Archived from the original on February 17, 2016. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
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