Habib Bourguiba

Habib Bourguiba

human

Ein sex anaa gender	male
Ein country of citizenship	French protectorate of Tunisia, Tunisia
Name in native language	الحبيب بورقيبة
Name wey dem give am	Habib
Ein date of birth	3 August 1903
Place dem born am	Monastir
Date wey edie	6 April 2000
Place wey edie	Monastir
Place wey dem bury am	Bourguiba Mausoleum
Spouse	Wassila Ben Ammar, Moufida Bourguiba
Kiddie	Habib Bourguiba, Jr., Hajer
Native language	Arabic
Languages edey speak, rep anaa sign	Arabic, French
Ein occupation	politician, lawyer
Position ehold	Speaker of the Assembly of the Representatives of the People, President of Tunisia, Prime Minister of Tunisia, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister of Defence
Educate for	University of Paris, Carnot high school Tunis, Sadiki College
Political party ein member	Neo Destour
Candidacy in election	1959 Tunisian general election, 1964 Tunisian general election, 1969 Tunisian general election, 1974 Tunisian general election
Religion anaa worldview	Islam
Medical condition	Parkinson's disease
Dema official website	https://www.bourguiba.com
Parent	Ali, Fatouma

Habib Bourguiba (3 August 1903Template:Snd6 April 2000) na e be Tunisian politician plus statesman wey serve as de prime minister of de Kingdom of Tunisia from 1956 to 1957, plus den as de first president of Tunisia from 1957 to 1987. Before ein presidency, him lead de nation to independence from France, ending de 75-year-old protectorate plus earning de title of "Supreme Combatant".

Dem bon am for Monastir, to a poor family. E go Sadiki College plus Lycée Carnot for Tunis before e collect im baccalaureate for 1924. E finish for University of Paris plus Paris Institute wey dem dey call Sciences Po for 1927, den e waka come back Tunis come do law. For early 1930s, e begin join anti-colonial plus Tunisian politics, join Destour party plus help start Neo Destour for 1934. E be big man for independence movement, but dem dey arrest am plenty times by colonial people. As e join de riot wey happen 9 April 1938, dem carry am go Marseille during World War II.

For 1945, as Bourguiba come out, e waka go Cairo for Egypt make e find support from Arab League. E come back to Tunisia for 1949 and shine as the leader of the national movement. Though at first, e dey try to settle matter peacefully with French government, when e no work, e join the fight wey start for 1952. Dem catch am and lock am for La Galite Island for two years, before dem send am go France. There, he dey run negotiations with Prime Minister Pierre Mendès France and gree for make dem get internal autonomy deal in exchange for end the wahala. Bourguiba come back as winner to Tunis for 1 June 1955, but Salah Ben Youssef come challenge am for party leader position. Ben Youssef and him people no gree with Bourguiba 'soft' policies, dem dey demand make Maghreb dey fully independent. This one cause civil war wey put Bourguibists wey like gradual policy plus modernism against Youssefists, wey be conservative Arab nationalist supporters of Ben Youssef. De fight end for Bourguiba side with Sfax Congress of 1955.

After dE country gain independence for 1956, dem make Bourguiba prime minister by King Muhammad VIII al-Amin. He dey run tinz well well before e declare de Republic for 25 July 1957. Dem elect am interim President of Tunisia by de Parliament sharp-sharp till dem approve de Constitution. During him time, e bring strong education system, work on de economy, support gender equality, plus talk say him get neutral foreign policy, wey make am different from oda Arab leaders. De main reform wey dem pass na de Code of Personal Status wey change de society for modern style. E build strong presidential system wey turn de country to one-party state for twenty years, wey him party, de Socialist Destourian Party dey run am. E get strong followers wey sabi am well, before e talk say him be president for life in 1975, during him fourth 5-year term.

De end of him 30-year rule come as him dey sick, dem fight for who go take over, plus clientelism plus Islamism dey rise. For 7 November 1987, him prime minister, Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, come remove am from power plus hold am for house arrest for him place for Monastir. E dey there till e die, plus dem bury am for mausoleum wey him don build before.

1903–1930: Early life

Main article: Early life of Habib Bourguiba

Ein Childhood years

Bourguiba born for Monastir, him be de eighth pikin plus last boy of Ali Bourguiba plus Fatouma Khefacha. Him official birthday na 3 August 1903, but he talk say e fit don born one year earlier, for 3 August 1902 or maybe 1901. Bourguiba mama born am when she dey 40, plus according to am, e be big shame for her. Him papa, wey be 53 years old, dey wonder if he go fit raise am well. Even though money no dey before dem, Ali Bourguiba take education of him children serious. Him enlist for army by general Ahmed Zarrouk, plus he spend nineteen years for de campaign before e retire. Him no wan make dis kind wahala reach him last pikin, so he decide say make Habib get him primary school certificate wey go free am from military work, just like him elder bros. When Bourguiba come bon, him papa don become councilman, meaning say him dey among de big men for the city. Dis one help am boost him money plus social level, plus e fit provide modern education for him last son, just like him brother.

Ali Bourguiba surrounded by his sons Mohamed, Ahmed, M'hamed, Mahmoud and Habib

Habib Bourguiba grow up dey among women, sekof him brother dey for Tunis plus him papa don old. E spend im days with him mama, grandma plus him sisters, Aïcha plus Nejia. Dis one make am fit see wetin women dey do for house plus how dem dey suffer compare to men. After e start im primary school for Monastir, him papa carry am go Tunis insyde September 1907, when e dey 5 years, make e fit go Sadiki primary school. De small pikin really feel am well when him separate from him mama for dat early age. Wen e land for de city, dem dey fight against de protectorate, na early level of de Tunisian national movement wey Ali Bach Hamba dey lead. At de same time, Habib don settle for rich area of Tourbet el Bey for de medina of Tunis, where him brother, M'hamed, dey rent room for Korchani Street. As di school year start, him brother carry am go Sadiki College wey di superintendent talk say him be "turbulent but sabi book".

De young Habib dey spend him holidays for Monastir, dey help people with dem chores. Wen de holiday don finish, e go back to Tunis wey, after class, e dey waka for de streets. For Thursdays, e go dey watch de bey dey chair de weekly seals ceremony. De Jellaz demonstrations of 1911 plus de way dem take execute Manoubi Djarjar influence de political mind wey dey start to form for am. Bourguiba collect him certificat d'études primaires for 1913, e make him papa dey feel beta. E no go military service, and like him elders, dem bring am enter Sadiki College make e fit do him secondary studies freely. Him mama die for November 1913, when e dey 10 years old.

Teenage years plus secondary studies

Wen World War I start for September 1914, Bourguiba pack his load from him brother house go stay for Sadiki College dorm. Dem dey cut budget to support war, e make plenty people dey suffer malnutrition plus no enough supplies. This wahala make students begin protest, plus Bourguiba no waste time join dem. E dey respect Habib Jaouahdou, wey dey tell dem about national struggle pass school wall. Jaouahdou talk say make dem welcome Abdelaziz Thâalbi wen e dey come back from exile, plus Bourguiba dey part of de team wey go greet am. Plus, de funeral of national leader Bechir Sfar for Jellaz really touch am, as e dey travel wit im papa. For school, one of im professors dey teach am how to write French, plus even Arab literature small. But no be dat, him grades dey low; Bourguiba no fit pass im Arabic certificate for 1917, wey fit give am administrative function. De headmaster gree am make e restart im sixth den last year for high school, for 1919–20. But de winter season plus de plenty hunger make im health worse, den dem carry am go hospital after im first sickness. So, e have to stop ein studies de stay for de hospital.

Bourguiba for 1917

To heal well, Bourguiba dey spend almost two years with him older brother Mohamed, wey be doctor for local hospital for Kef, plus him too dey support modern way plus secular life. Mohamed dey waka with one Italian nurse wey dey treat young Habib well plus e play big role for him recovery, as per wetin Souhayr Belhassen plus Sophie Bessis talk. E journey wey e go insyde, wey last 21 months from January 1920, na big change for him life. De people for de city help am blend in: E learn how to play cards, dey talk military strategies, come dey craze for Mustafa Kemal Atatürk matter plus even visit him other brother, Ahmed, for Thala wey e learn how to ride horse. E too dey do theater tin. Bourguiba dey rehearse with him brother wey sabi theater well well plus dey perform for stage. When he dey Kef, the Destour party formation make Bourguiba dey feel more for Tunisian nationalism. E talk say e wan continue im secondary studies and study law for France, make e fit fight colonial power. Dem family council wey dem hold for discuss this matter no work well, im brothers see am as 'unsuccessful' plus no wan gree help am with school fees. Only im single brother wey dey thirty, Mahmoud, promise say e go support am. With im help, Bourguiba enter Lycée Carnot for Tunis, for classe de seconde, sekof e too weak to fit study for classe de première.

For high school, Bourguiba dey shine well for Mathematics sekof new teacher wey teach am help am plenty. E get beta results come choose Philosophy section, after e pass de first part of baccalaureate. E come dey jom with Tahar Sfar plus Bahri Guiga. Dem group wey dem call de 'Sahelian Trio'. E dey frequent library plus e dey show interest for history, but sometime e go dey skip class, especially for Friday afternoon, make e fit go watch Habiba Msika perform L'Aiglon. Before long, e begin feel de wahala wey dey between French plus Tunisians. For 1922, when Naceur Bey dey threaten say e go step down sekof of wetin resident-general Lucien Saint dey do, de people no gree make am happen. On 22 April 1922, Bourguiba find himself with the protesters wey dey support the monarch. That event jam am well, so e begin dey join debates with him guys plus start to sabi politics den philosophy, dey support socialism. For 1923-24, de last year be very important for am as e dey compete with one French paddy to win scholarship to go study for Paris. E still collect support from him brother Mahmoud, wey promise to dey send am 50 francs every month. For 1924, e sit for him baccalaureate plus collect beta marks with honours. After the exams, Bourguiba jump on one old boat, Le Oujda, to continue him studies for France den check out de colonial power.

Higher education for Paris

Wen e reach Paris, Bourguiba go settle for Saint-Séverin hotel wey dey near Place Saint-Michel, where e dey occupy one room for sixth floor wey cost am 150 francs every month. E don suffer small, but e problem solve as e get scholarship of 1800 francs wey dem go pay in two parts, plus him enroll for Paris law School for Sorbonne to go dey attend psychology den literature classes. E sabi say him come France to 'sharpen him brain for France' so he put plenty work for law plus how France dey live. Bourguiba dey jump for political talks, dey read newspaper and dey follow as French politics dey change during Third Republic. E dey feel Leon Blum ideas well, after Tours Congress, he no dey like Bolsheviks, instead, he dey chuk head for how Mahatma Gandhi dey turn Indian national Congress to serious mass group. Plus, e get strong interest for him fellow Tunisian, Mahmoud El Materi.

Bourguiba wearing ein lawyer shirt for 1927

After him don hang out for Mahdia and Monastir, Bourguiba don land back for Paris make dem start 1925–26 school year, but e dey worry about de nationalist wahala for him country. Tings begin change as e move go University Campus for Jourdan boulevard, where e dey stay for room number 114. De guy wey sponsor am, Taïeb Radhouane, send am through di association Les Amis de l'étudiant, di money wey go help am register for Paris Institute of Political Studies, where e don start dey attend public finance classes. E also collect money help from him friend wey be him guardian, Mounier-Pillet, wey don teach am for Monastir before. That same year, him friends Sfar and Guiga join am as he dey tutor one small Sfaxian boy, Mohamed Aloulou, wey him papa plus mama send am make he fit sit for baccalaureate exam for Lycée Louis-le-Grand. One day for 1925, as Bourguiba dey tidy him room, e find the address of one woman wey him protector tell am say make e meet: Mathilde Lefras, she dey 35 years old plus she dey be widow, her husband don die during war. E meet am for de first time for her apartment, for de first floor of one building for 20th arrondissement for Paris. She invite am enter den ask make e tell am him story. She dey touch by him background, so she ask make she see am again, den for de months wey come, she invite am make e move in with her. Since then, him don give away him room for campus den settle with Mathilde. Dis new way wey Bourguiba dey live, him no wan associate with de other students plus de Tunisian struggle, as dem start to dey repress people for him country.

For summer wey be 1926, Bourguiba come back Monastir but e no dey mind de politics matter for im country. Him papa die for September and him get telegram from Mathilde, wey talk say she dey pregnant. Dis wahala and di pikin wahala wey go come, make am dey worry. So, him decide say he go raise de pikin, even though him friend dey advise make e abandon de baby plus Mathilde. Dis pregnancy come give am hope as e dey think say him no fit make pikin. But their relationship go spoil reach level wey Bourguiba go sleep for him friends’ place, back for de campus. On 9 April 1927, Mathilde bon pikin wey dem call Jean Habib. Dem move go another house for Bagneux, wey dey for Paris suburb. Bourguiba dey sick that time, but e need prepare for e final exams, wey e go write one month after dem bon him pikin . E get bachelor degree for law plus higher degree for political studies from Paris Institute of Political Studies.

Early adult life plus professional career

For August 1927, Bourguiba come back to Tunisia with him girlfriend, pikin, Habib Jr., plus him sabi plenty about French politics for Third Republic. Him waka for France really change him mind, make him get all those liberal values wey social-radical country dey carry, wey him brother Mohamed don talk about before. After him come back to Tunisia, him marry Mathilde, with Mahmoud Laribi as him best man, then them settle for Tunis. At dat time, him no dey interested for politics, na him professional career dey guide am, every novice lawyer gatz do three years traineeship under beta lawyer wey sabi him work well well. From October 1927 go October 1928, e dey work for Mr. Cirier, but e sack am after six weeks. Den e go work for Mr. Pietra and Scemama wey no pay am for two months and dey give am plenty writing work. After that, Bourguiba resign make e go work for Mr. Salah Farhat wey be chairman for Destour party, until Mr. Sebault carry am come for 600 francs every month, wey make Bourguiba work for am another year plus de three years wey e suppose do.

Picture of Bourguiba, lawyer for Bab Souika, c. 1931, after him don return to Tunisia.

For de colonial wahala, Bourguiba dey feel de inequality wey dey happen. E spend de next year without work. Dis inequality make am yarn with im friends from Tunisia plus France, wey gree say we go need start reform wey go make Tunisia fit look like France, wey be liberal, modern, den secular. For 8 January 1929, while e dey stand in for im brother wey no fit attend conference wey Habiba Menchari dey run, E be woman wey no cover im head dey talk about gender equality, Bourguiba stand for Tunisian identity, culture, plus religion by disagreeing with Menchari wey talk say make women comot dem veil. Bourguiba talk say Tunisia dey face threat wey fit make dem lose dem identity, plus e go need to hold am tight till dem free. Dis talk shock some liberals wey dey support like that French unionist, Joachim Durel. De wahala wey follow turn dem enemies for nearly one month, as Bourguiba dey write for L'Étendard tunisien while Durel dey reply for Tunis socialiste.

1930 de year wey French colonization for North Africa reach peak, e make France dey celebrate hundred years since dem conquer Algeria, dem organize eucharistic congress for Tunisia. Dis time, plenty white people invade de capital come waka go Saint-Lucien de Carthage Cathedral like say dem be crusaders, e dey shame de people wey dey protest, as dem feel say Christians don violate dem Islamic land. De protesters, wey dem no gree allow, dem carry dem go court. Some of dem get Bourguiba as lawyer, cause e no take part for de event. E still no take side when dem sack Tahar Haddad from him notary work. E talk say at dat time, de main goals be political matter, while other wahala for society no too important. E dey stress say Tunisian identity suppose shine, e talk: "Make we dey who we be before we go fit be who we go be."

1930–1934: Ein Early political career

Main article: Early political career of Habib Bourguiba

For de start of 1930s, Habib Bourguiba, dey feel de wahala wey colonialism bring, so he gree join de main political party for de Tunisian national movement, de Destour, with him brother M'hamed plus ein guys Bahri Guiga, Tahar Sfar den Mahmoud El Materi. Dem no gree for de party wey dem hold for Carthage from 7 to 11 May 1930. Dem young nationalists dey vex say e be like dem dey violate our islamic land. As dem dey prepare for 50 years celebration of de protectorate plus French president Paul Doumer dey come, dem young ones decide say dem go take action. Bourguiba come talk say de celebration na big insult to Tunisian people, wey him remind say dem don lose freedom plus independence. So, de leaders of de Destour party gather for emergency meeting for Orient Hotel, like February 1931, where dem decide to form one committee to support Chedly Khairallah newspaper, La Voix du Tunisien, wey change from weekly to daily plus get young nationalist crew for de editorial team.

Portrait of Habib Bourguiba for de beginning of de 1930s

Bourguiba no dey tire denounce all de wahala wey dey try spoil Tunisian identity, e dey chook mouth for de bey decree matter plus how Europeans dey benefit. For em plenty articles wey e write for L'Étendard tunisien plus La Voix du Tunisien, e dey shout say Tunisians suppose fit hold all de admin positions. Soon, e talk him own meaning of protectorate, e dey challenge wetin e mean, no be just wetin e dey do like those old-school nationalists. On 23 February 1931, e write say, "for better nation wey strong, wen international wahala plus temporary crisis make dem enter into stronger state's control, de touch of advanced civilization go make am react well. True change go happen for dem, plus if dem fit sabi blend in with de principles plus methods of this civilization, dem go surely realize demma freedom for stages."

Big ups to how Bourguiba, Sfar, Guiga plus El Materi tackle di wahala, La Voix du Tunisien turn popular newspaper. De new waya of reasoning catch public eye plus French big men, top business guys plus big landowners wey get strong hand for de colonial administration. Dem no like wetin de young team dey do, dem fit shut down all de nationalist papers through de Residence (de colonial government) for 12 May 1931. A few days later, Habib, M'hamed Bourguiba, Bahri Guiga, Salah Farhat plus El Materi all dey face trial. But, dem succeed for obtaining de adjournment of demma trial until 9 June 1931. On that day, numerous people came to show demma support to de charged team getting demma trial to be postponed once again. In response to this decision, Resident-general François Manceron, eager to put an end to de nationalist issue, achieved to outwit discord between Khairallah, de owner of de paper plus de young nationalists. Some wahala burst between dem two about how to run La Voix du Tunisien plus e make de team dey jones to carry de paper. But because Khairallah no gree, dem just waka come out from de daily paper.

Even though dem separate, de two Bourguibas, El Materi, Guiga den Bahri still dey chop gist plus decide to start dem own paper with help from pharmacist Ali Bouhajeb. So, on 1 November 1932, dem publish de first edition of L'Action Tunisienne with young team wey include Bouhageb plus Béchir M'hedhbi. Na so Bourguiba use im first article talk about budget. Dem young guys wey no go fit take all de calmness from de old people, dem just go show say dem go support de lower class people. Bourguiba wey sabi how to get fans from him writings, dey chill with brainy guys wey him just meet well well. E show say im sabi how to write well, wey make am look like say e get strong talent for debate, thanks to em solid legal background. Plus, e don try make we sabi how colonial people dey exploit us, as e dey break am down from wetin dey happen to wetin cause am. E dey really interested for social wahala, dey invite workers plus students make dem organize den fit protect demself better from exploitation. Again, e dey push for make we defend plus protect Tunisian identity.

Campaign led by L'Action Tunisienne following de naturalization issue.

As e be say de economy dey crash plus de nationalists don cool down small, Bourguiba plus eim boys tink say dem need better plan to shine new light for de nationalist movement, plus new way of doing things. For February 1933, when M'hamed Chenik wey be banker plus chair for Tunisian credit union kon get wahala with de Residence, na Bourguiba be de only person wey stand for am. e dey reason say dis wahala fit help am gather de bourgeois people, dem wey be collaboration with France, make dem come together for national spirit. But e end be say Guiga, M'hedhi plus Bouhajeb wan resign. So, Bourguiba leave lawyer work make e focus on running de journal by einself. But e no take time before hin fit talk am: De Tunisian naturalization wahala wey dey hot for nationalists during 1920s come back again for early 1933, as people dey protest for Bizerte say dem no go allow naturalized person bury for Muslim cemetery. Bourguiba choose to respond plus fire campaign wey go support de protests for L'Action Tunisienne wey plenty nationalist newspapers go soon carry, dey shout say dem wan French finish de whole Tunisian people.

Bourguiba dey stand gree gree wey make e get plenty fans for de nationalist people dem. Plus, de congress wey Destour hold for 12 and 13 May 1933 for Tunis, end well for de young team of L'Action tunisienne, dem elect am unanimous for de party executive committee. Dis strong position wey dem get for de movement make dem fit influence party decision, dem dey eager to join all di factions for one nationalist front. Meanwhile, because of di wahala wey dey happen for Tunisia, de Residence decide say make dem suspend every nationalist paper for 31 May, including L'Action Tunisienne and dem ban Destour activity too. E be like sey de French government don taya say Manceron no quick quick do wetin dem suppose do, so dem switch am for Marcel Peyrouton on 29 July 1933. Bourguiba no fit talk freely for dis wahala wey dey ground, plus dem dey hold am insyde de Destour soft policy, hin dey look for how to get im freedom back.

On 8 August, gbege start as dem bury wetin dem call naturalized pikin for Muslim graveyard for Monastir. E no take long, law enforcement plus people dem start to fight. Na so Bourguiba come swoop insyd, convince some Monastir folks make dem choose am as demma lawyer. After that, him lead dem go protest to the bey on 4 September. But the party leaders wey no like this new activism, come decide to vex for de young nationalist. Bourguiba wey no like how Destour plus dem leaders dey block im plans, cm decide say make e jom party for 9 September. Na so, e don learn from dis experience quick quick. De success wey come from de people wey dey fight show say de way Destour dey do matter no dey work, na only petitions dem dey use. Only de violence from any group wey dey serious fit make de Residence reconsider plus find solution; na dis level e dey follow until 1956.

1934–1939: Rising nationalist leader

Founding of Neo-Destour plus colonial repression

See also: Ksar Hellal Congress

Members of de first leading committee of de Neo-Destour.

After e come out from Destour executive committee, Bourguiba dey on him own again. But hin guys for L'Action Tunisienne soon find wahala with de party elders, wey land for dem exclusion of Guiga on 17th November 1933, plus de resignation of El Materi, M'hamed Bourguiba plus Sfar from de executive committee on 7th December 1933. Soon dem call dem "rebels", dem join Bourguiba wey dem decide say make dem carry campaign go all over de country to talk to the people about wetin dem dey stand for. As e be so, de old folks of the Destour come start propaganda to spoil dem. So, the young team go areas wey suffer from de economic wahala, like Ksar Hellal and Moknine, wey dem welcome dem small small. Na thanks to Ahmed Ayed, wey be big man plus respect am for Ksar Hellal, dem get chance to explain wetin dey happen. On 3 January 1934, dem gather with some people for Ksar Hellal for him house to clear de matter wey dey cause gbege with de Destour plus specify demma conception of national struggle for emancipation.

Dis new generation of nationalists dey make plenty noise wey Tunisian people dey welcome am wella. Dem no shy to talk say, na Destour leaders dey neglect demma matter. When dem executive committee no gree organize special congress to change dem political plans, thanks to support from people plus traditional leaders, de 'secessionists' carry dem own congress go Ksar Hellal for 2 March 1934. For de event, Bourguiba call everybody make dem 'choose de men wey go defend de country liberation for dem name.' Di congress finish with dem form new political party, di Neo-Destour, wey El Materi dey lead, plus dem choose Bourguiba as de chairman.

Habib Bourguiba plus Tahar Sfar for Béja, on 25 April 1934 attending de creation of de first unit of Neo-Destour for de city

After dem start de party, de Neo-Destour wan make dem gbemi dia position for de political movement. Di young team dey face di resident-general, Marcel Peyrouton, wey dey try stop de nationalist protest for de economic wahala wey dey show, wey be chance to carry more pipo come. So, dem need to shine for de political stage, carry dem idea come out plus gather de supporters of de strong Destour, plus also make de lower class sabi sey de Neo-Destour be dia voice.

Neo-Destour call lower classes make dem join for "dignity wey don suffer for half a century with protectorate". Bourguiba waka all over de country use new communication styles wey different from de old Destour elders. De lower classes, wey dey feel stranded plus troubled by economy wahala, hear im speech den align with am, carry their full support come. Dem create units everywhere and new structure settle down, make Neo-Destour more effective than all de previous movements. While elders dey talk to colonial oppressors to wahala dem requests, de "secessionists" dey talk to de people instead. Even worldwide, de new party knack support from French socialists, including philosopher plus politician Félicien Challaye, wey gree for Neo-Destour.

But for Tunisia, de Neo-Destour dey face strong wahala from resident-general Peyrouton wey first gree de initiative from de 'secessionists', e see am as way to weaken de nationalist movement. But sharp-sharp, e come take back im support because de young team get new way wey dey work plus very better request wey surprise am. E be true say Bourguiba plus im paddy from de new party show 'more dangerous' demand, dem dey ask for national sovereignty plus make Tunisia fit stand alone, wey go come with treaty wey go make France still dey hold strong for political plus economic matter compared to other foreign countries, for one article wey dem publish for L'Action Tunisienne.

All dis demand wey come cause wahala between French government plus Tunisian nationalist movement. Plus, de party leaders don make sure say de people dey feel dia message, thanks to de tours wey dem waka for de country. Dis tension make de residents react to de nationalist request with some serious intimidation tactics. Dem dey use heavy wahala: Peyrouton no gree make any newspaper wey still dey publish, even Tunis socialiste plus L'Humanité, all dis one happen for 1 September 1934. For 3 September, dem colonial government order make dem raid all de nationalist leaders for de country, wey include Destours plus de Tunisian Communist Party. Dem catch Bourguiba and carry am go Kebili for di south, under military eyes. As e be, dem arrest de bad leaders make plenty people vex. As Guiga and Sfar dey try cool dem down so dem fit talk about how to release de prisoners, Bourguiba plus Salah Ben Youssef dey push make dem no calm down. Plus, plenty wahala scatter for de country, wey make de government tighten de repression. Soon, South gather plenty Tunisian political leaders: Two Bourguibas for Tataouine, El Materi for Ben Gardane, Guiga for Médenine plus Sfar for Zarzis.

For 3 April 1935, dem carry all de deported people go Bordj le Boeuf. Dem dey happy say dem dey together, but wahala soon come as dem no gree on de strategy wey dem go choose. Most of dem dey feel say de uprising don spoil plus de ways wey dem follow for 1934 no go work again, but Bourguiba no wan hear any concession. E don dey get plenty blame from im mates say e dey lead dem to loss; only Ben Youssef no dey against Bourguiba’s way since 1934 but e sabi say dem need freedom sharp sharp plus dem go try save wetin still dey. But wahala lessen sekof of de hard detention conditions wey dey try make dem calm down.

From negotiation attempt to confrontation

Bourguiba for 1936 when he returned from Bordj Le Boeuf

For de early part of 1936, because Peyrouton no dey work well, de French government come change am for Armand Guillon, wey dem choose for March, make e restore peace. So, e fit stop two years of colonial wahala, encourage people to talk plus release de nationalist wey dey prison on 23 April. Den, dem send Bourguiba go Djerba wey de new resident-general go visit am, ready to negotiate with am, to end de fight plus start new liberal plus humane policy. For 22 May, dem don free Bourguiba from all wahala, make e fit go back im house for Tunis, with im paddy dem wey dey lock up. Meanwhile, for France, de Popular Front dey rise as Leon Blum cabinet settle down for June. Dis one na big chance for de leaders wey dey always close to de socialists. E no take time, dem meet Guillon wey promise say e go bring back de freedom wey dem don limit. Dem dey happy well-well after dem interview with Guillon, de leaders sure say as Blum ministry dey rise plus Guillon don come be head of colonial government, na here go start better talks wey go lead to independence, even though dem no talk am for public.

For 10 June, National Council of Neo-Destour gather make dem plan new policy for de change wey dey happen for French government. Dem end am with dem backing de new French policy plus talk plenty feasible requests, wey Neo-Destour dey expect quick answer. After de meeting finish, dem send Bourguiba go Paris make e carry de party platform carry come. For France, e become tight with some Tunisian nationalist students like Habib Thameur, Hédi Nouira plus Slimane Ben Slimane. Plus, e meet under-secretary of state for foreign affairs, Pierre Viénot, for 6 July 1936. Dis interview wey dem talk for public no be popular among French colonialists for Tunisia, so later meetings dem do am secret. But French people no wan gree with de hopes wey Tunisian militants get, some no even believe say e fit be anything real. When e come back to Tunis for September, di political vibe don change as dem don bring back freedoms, wey make Neo-Destour fit grow, den make more members join.

De resident-general for Tunisia bring some assimilation reforms by de end of 1936. Dis statement be de beginning of wahala wey go start for de early 1937. Viénot, wey dey travel go Tunisia, talk say "some private interests wey belong to de French wey dey Tunisia no be dat same with those for France". Meanwhile, Bourguiba go Paris, den go Switzerland go attend one lecture about de capitulation wey happen for April for Montreux. For there, e meet plenty Arab nationalist people like Chekib Arslan, Algerian Messali Hadj plus Egyptian Nahas Pasha.

For June, de Blum Cabinet wey dey resign, dem change am with Chautemps Cabinet number three, wey Camille Chautemps dey lead. As de new cabinet dey delay, de nationalists don start demma wahala again, dey try make their demands come true. So, Bourguiba no go lie, he want make Abdelaziz Thâalbi, wey be Destour founder wey just come back from exile, support Neo-Destour to make e strong. But Thâalbi no gree, him get another idea for de party, dey wan join old Destour with new one. sekof he refuse, Bourguiba come decide to spoil Thâalbi meetings. For Mateur, the fight end with plenty people wey don die and many injured but Bourguiba fit strengthen him position plus show say he be de main leader of the nationalist movement, as he reject Pan-Arabism and anti-occidentalism once and for all. De split no fit better again between both parties. Fear say dem go attack, de Destour party no do public meetings again, dem dey use newspapers reply demma opponents.

But e be like say, Bourguiba no wan carry fight with France. Insyde de party, two sides show up: De first side, wey dey play easy easy, na El Materi, Guiga and Sfar dey lead, dem dey prefer make dem talk. De second side, wey dey hot hot, na de young crew, like Nouira, Ben Slimane and Thameur, wey dey on di confront matter. At dat time, Bourguiba no sabi wetin to pick between di two sides, because e need di youth body to hold power for Neo-Destour, as de moderate founding members still dey run tings. But e try calm de young people down, since e sabi say if dem fight France, e go bring bad wahala, plus talk fit still work. Early October, e fly go Paris to negotiate, but e come back with zero results. E don see say France no go fit help dem.

Congress of Tribunal Street for October 1937

For this matter, dem hold de second congress of Neo-Destour for Tribunal Street, Tunis, on 29 October 1937. Dem dey plan vote for something wey go talk about relationship with France. This congress show de struggle between two sides wey don show up for de last few months. For him talk, Bourguiba try balance de two sides. E reduce de power of Destour for de nationalist movement, but him still strong on de progressive emancipation policy wey him advocate for:

Independence go fit happen through three main ways:

1. big grassroots wahala wey plenty people go engage in, wey go end the protectorate;
2. if French army scatter during war with another country;
3. wey we go take calm steps with France help, under dem watch.

De power balance no dey favor Tunisia people against France, so no way for popular win. Even if French army lose, we go just enter new colonialism. So, na only the way of peaceful freedom wey France dey supervise, dey remain.

De congress wey finish for 2 November, e end by taking back de support wey dem give de French government, and so de confidence de party don grant am for almost two years don go. Bourguiba, wey help plenty young people join de leadership, he strengthen im position plus authority among de Neo-Destour plus for de end, e win big.

As de party dey shake plus de new wahala don finish with seven people wey die for Bizerte, Bourguiba no wan take am easy. For 8 April 1938, dem hold peaceful demo, but Bourguiba, wey believe sey dem need violence, tell Materi make dem do de demo again, sey, "No blood don show, we need to do am again. Wetin go make dem talk about us na blood wey go spill". Him get wetin he want de next morning. De riot for 9 April 1938 end with one policeman don die, 22 protesters plus over 150 people don injure. De next day, dem arrest Bourguiba PLUS him guys, put dem for Civilian Prison for Tunis, where dem go question Bourguiba. On 12 April, dem scatter Neo-Destour, but dem still dey do dem ting insyde secret. On 10 June 1939, dem charge Bourguiba plus him squad for conspiracy against public order den state security, plus inciting civil war. So, dem carry am go Téboursouk penitentiary.

1939–1945: World War II

When World War II start, dem carry Bourguiba enter ship wey be destroyer, go Saint-Nicolas fort for Marseille on 26 May 1940. For there, e dey share cell with Hédi Nouira. E sure say the war go end with Allies' victory, so on 10 August 1942, e write letter to Habib Thameur to explain him position:

Germany no go fit win di war, e no get chance. Dem go crush am between de Russian giants plus de Anglo-Saxons wey dey control de sea and get plenty resources. E go be like dem put am for strong grip [...] Dem don give de order make you plus de activists connect with de Gaulist French make we join forces for our secret plans [...] Our support no fit get conditions. Na matter of life plus death for Tunisia.

Bourguiba plus ein fellow detainees insyde Rome for 1943

Dem carry am go Lyon wey dem put am for Montluc prison on 18 November 1942, den dem move am go Fort de Vancia until Klaus Barbie decide say make him free am go Chalon-sur-Saône. For January 1943, dem welcome am well for Rome with Ben Youssef plus Ben Slimane, na Benito Mussolini ask dem make dem bring Bourguiba come so e go fit use am scatter French resistance for North Africa. De Italian foreign minister dey try make am talk something wey go favor dem. As e dey come back, e gree to fit bring message for Tunisian people through Radio Bari, wey go warn dem against all de trends wey dey show. When e land for Tunis on 8 April 1943, e make sure say de message wey e send for 1942 reach everybody plus de activists. With hin stance, e separate himself from some activists wey dey join de German wey don occupy Tunisia since November 1942, plus e no go suffer de same fate wey Moncef Bey face, wey dem throway for May 1943 by general Alphonse Juin, wey accuse am of joint hand. Dem free Bourguiba for 23 June by de Free French Force.

For dis time, e jam Wassila Ben Ammar wey go be im second wife. Bourguiba wey dem dey watch am well well, no wan continue di fight. So, e ask make dem gree am go Mecca for pilgrimage. But French authorities no gree am. E come decide say make e run go Egypt, so on 23 March 1945, e cross Libyan border, disguise as part of caravan, come reach Cairo for April.

1945–1949: Journey wey dey Middle East

Bourguiba don settle for Cairo, Egypt where him dey get help from him old teacher wey be monastery man, Mounier-Pillet, wey dey stay for de Capital city of Egypt. For there, Bourguiba meet plenty big men, like Taha Hussein, as him dey go different events for the city. E also meet some Syrians wey just chop their independence from France, and him talk say, "with wetin dem get, Arab countries suppose show love for the national liberation fight wey dey happen for Maghreb." Even as him dey push hard, Bourguiba sabi say nobody go support am as long as France plus Tunisia dey maintain small tension. De Arab League dey focus mainly on Palestinian matter, other requests no dey demma top priority. So, he send Ben Youssef make e start this Franco-Tunisian tension so that he go fit catch Middle East eye.

Bourguiba dey push hin efforts. E meet Abd al-Aziz ibn Saud plus try make am support de Tunisian nationalist struggle, but e no work. sekof de promises wey de Middle-East people postpone, Bourguiba decide make hin create Neo-Destour office for Cairo. So, e call Thameur, Rachid Driss, Taïeb Slim, Hédi Saïdi plus Hassine Triki, wey France don detain but Germans free dem during de war, make dem join am for Egyptian Capital. Dem land on 9 June 1946, help Bourguiba start de rallying point for North African community for Cairo. Plenty people from Algeria and Morocco come join dem soon. Plus, Bourguiba talk dey famous for Anglo-Saxon media, plus Maghrebi nationalism dey gain strength for Cairo. Bourguiba dey sure, say de way to win dis nationalist fight dey insyde United States, sekof demma interest dey match with Maghrebi nationalists too. So, e dey look forward to go states make e chop support from Hooker Doolittle, wey be American consul for Alexandria. First, e jom go Switzerland, then Belgium, plus e waka pass border quietly to reach Antwerp, aboard de Liberty ship, on 18 November. On 2 December 1946, Bourguiba land for New York City as United Nations General Assembly session start.

There, Bourguiba attend plenty parties plus banquets wey e fit meet some American politicians like Dean Acheson, wey be under-secretary of State, wey e chop meet for January 1947. When e go U.S., Bourguiba come draw conclusion say superpower go support Tunisia if dem carry de matter go United Nations. E base dis idea on de United Nations Charter wey France sign wey talk say nations fit decide for demself. So, e go meet people wey dey Washington, D.C. plus catch American public attention thanks to Lebanese Cecil Hourana, de director of di Arab office of information for New York. Bourguiba come dey strongly sure say e fit carry de Tunisian matter go international level with de help of de five Arab countries wey dey under United Nations.

For Cairo, e be like say Arab League don gree make dem put North Africa matter for demma agenda. Dem get congress wey nationalists for Cairo do from 15 to 22 February 1947 about North Africa case. E end with dem create Maghrebi office wey go replace Neo-Destour represent. De main goal na to beef up resistance movement for colonized countries plus even abroad, make dem fit carry United Nations enter de matter. Dem choose Habib Thameur as de head of de organisation. For March 1947, Bourguiba waka come back Cairo plus for almost one year, e dey try convince Arab leaders make dem fit carry Tunisian Case go UN. Plus, e give Neo-Destour second chance for Arab World, for Damascus, led by Youssef Rouissi wey sabi Syrians well. But progress dey slow, plus Bourguiba journey for Middle-East end with just small help from Saudi Arabia, as Iraq, Syria den Libya no wan support wetin he dey fight for.

As dem no too care about Arab League matter for Maghrebi struggle, plus everybody dey focus on war for Palestine, e look like say if dem come together as nationalist movements, dem go fit make dem voice dey heard. But division come show for Tunisians, Moroccans, plus Algerians, wey make dem no fit gree come together. For 31 May 1947, wen Abdelkrim al-Khattabi return from exile, e ginger de movement well. Na under im hand, dem form committee wey go free North Africa for 5 January 1948. De values wey de committee carry na Islam, Pan-arabism plus full independence of Maghreb, wey dem no gree compromise with de colonizer. Dem dey led by Khattabi, wey dem name president for life, while Bourguiba dey act as secretary-general. But even with de Moroccan leader status, de committee no shine like Office of Arab Maghreb. Dem dey too focus on de Palestinian matter, so de Arab League leaders dey no wan help de Maghrebi issue, as dem problems dey grow worse with financial wahala.

Khattabi be dey support armed struggle, but Bourguiba no gree at all, he dey defend Tunisian nationalism wey dey try make dem no divide Maghrebi committee. Ein moderate ideas wey he bring make people sabi am for committee wey dey grow like say na Friday market. Dem go dey spread rumor say Bourguiba dey collect money from Arab leaders on low-key and say he get special connection with French embassy for Egypt. For him trip wey he go Libya for spring 1948, dem committee come remove am from him secretary-general work. Dem see say too plenty ideologies dey clash between dem plus am, e only make him relationship with Cairo Tunisians like Thameur dey spoil more.

Even for Tunis, di exile wey e get for Middle-East, make de Tunisian leader weak small: Aside de rise of Moncefism, after dem remove and exile Moncef Bey go Pau, de party restructure around Ben Youssef with help from de new Tunisian General Labour Union wey Farhat Hached create. Even though dem elect am as de president of de party, during de Congress wey dem hold secretly for Tunis for October 1948, e get three vice-presidents wey dem dey help am wey wan limit de president power: Hedi Chaker for Tunis, Youssef Rouissi for Damascus den Habib Thameur for Cairo. After e don waka go Egypt to help dem fight for dem country, Bourguiba find emsef, four years later, politically weak plus dem don push am aside for Maghrebi Committee for Cairo, alone den cut off from Tunisia. E sabi say de fight for insyde country dey important, so on 8 September 1949, e decide to go recapture Tunis.

1949–1956: Fighting for independence

Failure of negotiations with France

Hached plus Ben Youssef welcoming Bourguiba for 1949 when he returned to de country.

When e come back to Tunisia, Bourguiba dey plan how to take back him party. From November 1949 to March 1950, Bourguiba waka go cities like Bizerte, Medjez el-Bab plus Sfax, plus people begin dey love am more, thanks to em charm and how e sabi talk. As e don achieve em goals, e show face again as de leader of de nationalist movement, so e decide to go France ready for negotiation. On 12 April 1950, e land for Paris to raise de Tunisian matter by gathering public opinion, media plus politicians. Three days later, e hold conference for Hôtel Lutetia to yarn about de main nationalist demands, wey e talk say dem dey seven points, plus e talk say, "dis reforms wey go carry us reach independence go make our spirit of cooperation stronger [...] We believe sey our country too weak for military side and too strong for strategy side, so we no fit do without de support of big power, wey we go want make na France."

Him talk quick get people wey dey oppose am, both de 'Preponderants' plus de pan-Arab guys wey no dey gree for im stepwise policy plus de collaboration with France. So, Bourguiba feel say make de bey support am no be just necessary, but e crucial too. As e be so, him send Ben Youssef plus Hamadi Badra go convince Muhammad VIII al-Amin bey make e write letter to Vincent Auriol. For 11 April 1950, de letter don write, remind de French president of de Tunisian requests wey dem send ten months ago plus dey ask for 'necessary substantial reforms.' Finally, French government don react, for 10 June, as dem name Louis Perillier as resident-general. According to Robert Schuman wey be de foreign affairs minister, he go lead Tunisia make e fit develop e wealth well-well plus move go independence, wey na de main target for all de territories wey dey under French Union. But soon, de word 'independence' don change to 'internal autonomy'. Even with dat, Bourguiba dey ready to support Périllier reform matter. Before long, e dey happy with de way wey hin visit Paris take shine, as de Tunisian case don turn one big gist for both public plus parliament.

For Tunisia, Périllier wey Bourguiba support, dey push make dem fit form new cabinet for Tunisia wey M'hamed Chenik go lead with Neo-Destour people, abi to show say French wan change small. On 17 August 1950, dem don put the cabinet wey get three ministers from Neo-Destour insyde. But French Rally for Tunisia wey no wan any change, dem fit pressure both Tunisia government plus French people for France make dem slow down negotiations. Périllier no fit hold e own again, so on 7 October e talk say, "Time wey we go take chill small on reforms", wey no sweet de Tunisia government at all. As dem talk dat one, wahala start for Enfida plus plenty people die plus get injury. Even though Bourguiba wan cool down de hot vibe, e strategy wey involve France no gree sink well for plenty Tunisian leaders wey think say e no make sense, especially after dem carry out some tricks wey dem call reforms on 8 February 1951.

When dem block negotiations with France, Bourguiba just dey feel say nothing fit happen, so e plan to waka around de world to gather support for de Tunisian fight. From 1950, e still dey negotiate with France, but e dey consider to use guns plus wahala to sort tings out. So, he call Ahmed Tlili make dem form national resistance committee, get ten regional leaders wey go sabi organize armed groups plus store guns. When e visit Pakistan, e no rule out using people power to get independence. If before, e dey introduce himself as exiled fighter when e dey waka go Middle-East, now e be leader of major party for de Tunisian government. Dis new status fit am meet top people for all de countries wey e don waka: E meet Indian Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru for New Delhi plus de Indonesian president Sukarno. For im talks, e dey urge dem make dem carry de Tunisian matter go United Nations, dey remind dem say im try am wey e no work for September 1951 session.

Bourguiba plus Hached don take part for de congress of de American Federation of Labor.

Since him last meet Ahmed Ben Bella for January 1950, Bourguiba dey more sure say armed struggle no fit avoid. So, for Cairo, he gather small group wey dem dey call Les Onze Noirs to train people, raise money plus gather weapons. E no too pleased with wetin Egypt plus Saudi authorities promise am, so Bourguiba waka go Milan, where International Confederation of Free Trade Unions congress start for July 1951. Big thanks to Farhat Hached, Bourguiba fit get invitation for de event. Dem invite am from American union wey dey for de American Federation of Labor (AFL) to dia gathering for San Francisco wey happen for September 1951. From July to September, him waka go London den go Stockholm. Him journey for de United States finish for mid-October before him fly go Spain, Morocco, Rome plus Turkey. There, he admire de work of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk wey dey build modern state wey no dey carry religion matter. Him later write to him pikin say: "I don think am well well. We fit achieve de same result, even better with less hard way, wey go touch de heart of de people."

As Bourguiba dey tour di world, di wahala for Tunisia dey increase: de reforms wey dem promise no dey move, plus dem still dey talk for Paris. On 31 October, as prime minister wey dey act for de bey, Chenik carry come give Schuman one memo wey summarize de main Tunisian requests about autonomy. On 15 December, Bourguiba land for Paris wey e hear wetin Schuman talk: de statement wey come for 15 December, talk say co-sovereignty don dey confirm plus de final bond wey de connect Tunisia to France. Bourguiba don talk say de endless talks wey no go lead anywhere don finish. He tell AFP say, "One page of Tunisian history don turn. Schuman response don open door for repression den resistance, wey go come with mourning, tears den anger [...] De Tunisian pipo dey vex, dem no fit wait again, dem go show de whole world say dem mature for freedom." At last, he talk to United States say, "Demma freedom [De Tunisian people] na necessary condition to defend de free world for Mediterranean sea plus everywhere wey peace go fit dey secure."

Armed struggle

Bourguiba dey deliver speech for Bizerte on 13 January 1952.

As Tunis delegation dey go back Tunis because dem no fit negotiate, Bourguiba still dey Paris wey he feel say e need make contacts for this struggle time. Him goals be to get money and weapons for de armed fight, plus make di whole world sabi about Tunisia matter for di United Nations. But plenty diplomats no gree for him request, so him decide say make he provoke wahala plus force de fight. When he land back for Tunisia, on 2 January 1952, he rush go meet de bey and Grand Vizier Chenik, wey him dey urge to carry di request go United Nations Security Council, acting like say he don get American delegate support if Tunisia wahala start. If dem dey hesitate for beginnin, dem soon give way to Bourguiba. As e dey move round the country, e dey inform people about de matter. Him speeches dey get more and more fire, come end for Bizerte, on 13 January, where e talk say if dem no send delegation go U.N. sharp, e go denounce de cabinet. Dem sign request on 11 January for Chenik house, with all de ministers dey present, including Bourguiba, Hached plus Tahar Ben Ammar. On 13 January, Salah Ben Youssef plus Hamadi Badra carry waka go Paris to put complain for ground.

France no like de move wey happen, so dem bring Jean de Hauteclocque come as new resident-general. E sabi de hard way wella, e come talk say dem go ban de congress of Neo-Destour wey suppose happen for 18 January, plus e go start to arrest de activists like Bourguiba. De congress wey dem hold on low key, dey support de popular wahala. De repression wey follow soon start bigger wahala again. De repression wey don start go cause big wahala soon. Meanwhile, Bourguiba don move go Tabarka wey e dey flex plus get small freedom. E come sabi say De Hautecloque dey try make am go dey exile for Algeria wey dey close. Dem even interview am for Tunis Soir den Hédi Nouira plus Farhat Hached come pay am visit.

When Tunisia show di serious wahala, de Afro-Asian countries wey dey UN finally heed de call wey Ben Youssef and Badra make, carry de Tunisian matter go Security Council for 4 February 1952. As for Bourguiba, e talk say, 'e go depend on France to make dis appeal no be matter again by accept de internal autonomy for Tunisia.' But on 26 March, wen de bey strongly refuse to let Chenik's cabinet go, De Hauteclocque put Chenik, El Materi, Mohamed Salah Mzali plus Mohamed Ben Salem for house arrest for Kebili while dem carry Bourguiba go Remada. Dem bring new cabinet led by Slaheddine Baccouche.

De Hautecloque wan make de nationalist movement weak, so e separate Bourguiba plus em exiled paddy dem. So, dem carry am go La Galite island on 21 May 1952. E settle for old fort wey dem don abandon, but e dey face health wahala, sekof of dampness den ein age. For France, de people wey no gree make Tunisia compromise dey drag Bourguiba name, say im dey plan armed struggle while e dey chop negotiation with dem government, as Figaro talk for one article wey dem publish on 5 June. For now, de bey dey stand alone against de resident-general, dey resist all de wahala to approve reforms wey de nationalists call 'small', plus e make Bourguiba happy. For de country, even though people dey united, De Hauteclocque dey push make dem accept reforms. As e be, plenty people don chop bullet: Farhat Hached don wax on 5 December 1952 by La Main rouge. Bourguiba, wey no dey hold any position or newspaper, don dey shout make dem increase de resistance.

For this matter, French government decide say make dem change De Hauteclocque give Pierre Voizard as resident-general on 23 September 1953. E try to calm down de wahala, e lift de curfew plus newspaper wahala, plus e free national leaders. Plus, e change Baccouche give Mzali den promise new reforms wey fit sweet de Tunisian pipo. But still, Bourguiba dey for La Galite Island, though dem soften de conditions small. If de reforms talk say na co-sovereignty, Bourguiba see dem measures as old school. But e dey worry am say Voizard wan too clever, de way e dey run things fit be more dangerous pass di way De Hauteclocque dey use brute force. Dis liberal way dey sweet plenty Tunisians wey don tire for de violence wey don dey happen too long, but e still split de Neo-Destour between people wey dey support de new resident-general policy plus de ones wey no dey for am. De wahala for de party waka deep plus Voizard plans. Both Bourguiba den Ben Youssef no gree at all for de collaboration wey dey happen between de bey plus de residence. After some time wey dem dey think wetin dem go do with de reform project, de Neo-Destour don give order make dem start de resistance again. So, de Fellaghas don decide to start de attacks for de countryside back.

Bourguiba transferred from La Galite Island to Groix Island in France.

Voizard try bring peace back by free half of de 900 Tunisians wey dem convict on 15 May, plus him decide say make him end Bourguiba two-year exile for La Galite. On 20 May 1954, dem carry am go Groix Island but him still dey stand strong for him talk, dey say say "de solution to de Tunisian wahala dey simple [...] First step na to give Tunisia dem internal freedom, make dem respect France economic, strategic, plus cultural rights for dis area. Dis one be proper confrontation." But this wahala no change anything: As de delegates of French Rally for Tunisia dey beg for Paris make Bourguiba no fit start any noise, Grand Vizier Mzali almost croaked for one failed attempt to kill am. Even with de wahala wey e bring come, Voizard still loss control plus face de vex of some Tunisians wey no dey gree for colonists. For 17 June, Mzali pack his load from office no wahala, leaving no one wey fit take charge. Dis resignation mean say nobody dey to talk with de new cabinet wey Pierre Mendès France carry come on 18 June, six weeks after French forces fall for de Battle of Dien Bien Phu. De new government head talk say when dem give am de position, e no go fit tolerate any wahala or delay to carry out de promises wey dem make to de people wey believe say France go fit help dem manage dia own matter.

Internal autonomy agreements

For 21 July, dem carry Bourguiba go The Château de La Ferté for Amilly (110 kilometers from Paris) by Mendès France order to prepare for de negotiations wey dey come. For 31 July, de new French prime minister waka go Tunis come drop em famous speech wey talk say de French government don accept Tunisia get internal autonomy by demselve. Meanwhile, Bourguiba dey meet Neo-Destour representatives for Paris, under de eye of de Direction centrale des renseignements généraux. For Tunis, dem form new cabinet wey Tahar Ben Ammar dey lead to negotiate with de French authorities. Four members of Neo-Destour don become ministers.

For 18 August, dem start negotiation. Bourguiba fit dey chill for de hotel wey de Tunisian guys dey stay. As e dey so, he dey get all de gist wey dey happen for de meeting while he dey give dem instructions. But de wahala for de country still dey worse as de fight dey continue. De first day of negotiation start wit serious clash between military den de rebels. Everybody sure say na only if Neo-Destour fit talk, de fellaghas go stop de fight. But de party dey pata pata, some wan make de wahala continue, others wan make e end.Bourguiba wan make di fight finish quick so dem go fit start de talks for de internal autonomy. E get plenty people for im party wey dey support de gradual policy wey him dey push. But plenty people dey crave for immediate independence. For dis matter, e be like say na em alone get de authority wey fit solve de problem.

Mendès France, wey dey believe say de wahala wey dey happen fit spoil im colonial plan, dey eager to meet Bourguiba. So dem carry am go Chantilly for October, where e go stay from dat time. De meeting wey dem do be secret and e end wit Bourguiba promise say e go stop de unrest for de country. But still, de armed civil uprising wey start for Algeria on 1 November 1954 no make de matter better at all. E be true say, de anger wey dey catch French politicians, wey dey blame de Tunisian fellaghas say dem dey work with de Algerian rebels, don slow de talks down. De wahala come make worse on 11 November, wen de French government come give dem ultimatum, talk say de negotiations go stop till de wahala for Tunisia finish.

For 14 November, as Bourguiba dey put pressure, de Nation Council of Neo-Destour call both French plus Tunisian government make dem "find solution to de fellaghas wahala wey go guarantee demma support, demma personal freedom plus demma family too". On 20 November, dem sign agreement. De agreement talk say first, "de Tunisian government go invite fellaghas make dem give demma weapons to de French plus Tunisian authorities" plus second, "de resident-general of France plus de Tunisian government go make sure say under de agreement wey dem get, de fellaghas no go face wahala or court case den dem go take steps to help dem fit return to normal life for dem plus their families". Plus, Bourguiba don com intervene again make the resistance leaders sabi say e get confidence for Mendès France den e talk say dem go dey safe. After two years wey unrest don dey, dem fit start discuss again.

But e no be everybody wey gree for de talks for internal autonomy: For 31 December 1954, for Geneva, Ben Youssef wey wan independence sharp sharp, come yarn say he no dey feel de discussions plus he dey fight de slow slow way wey Bourguiba dey use. E sabi say him talk go attract plenty supporters, especially after de Mendès France cabinet scatter on 6 February 1955, wey make de moderate people for de party dey feel panic. But dem fears come cool down when Edgar Faure take over as de head of de French government on 23 February. Faure come assure say e go continue de negotiations wey him predecessor start. With Faure promise, e mean say Neo-Destour gatz bring de two leaders near each oda, make dem form one strong united nationalist front to France. But Ben Youssef no gree for de talks, e dey yan say any negotiation wey no go straight give de independence of di whole Maghrebi people, him dey get support from de Algerians.

For 21 April 1954, Faure plus Bourguiba dey talk to finalize the agreement wey go give dem internal autonomy. As e dey hear news for Bandung Conference, Ben Youssef no gree accept de agreements wey e see fit no follow wetin dem dey call internal autonomy. E tell one journalist say e no wan be Bourguiba subordinate again. For him, Tunisian people gats stand firm against any agreement plus call for their independence sharp-sharp, no wahala. Even though dem try bring both leaders together, e be clear say dem no dey fit reconcile. Bourguiba still try cool tension, try make Ben Youssef come back to Tunisia, but e no work, as de party secretary-general no dey ready to leave Cairo until dem gree.

Bourguiba don come back dey ride im horse, Najjarine, waka for Tunis streets on 1 June 1955.

For 1 June 1955, Bourguiba land gree up for Tunisia wey him de waka insyde Ville d'Alger boat. Him come from Marseille, land for La Goulette. E come by himself go bridge, dey wave hin hand with big white cloth to greet crowd. "We dey plenty, like hundreds of millions, dey shout for am, no be small wahala", na wetin hin former minister Tahar Belkhodja talk. For 3 June, Ben Ammar, Faure, Mongi Slim plus de French minister for Tunis and Moroccan matter, Pierre July sign de internal autonomy conventions.

After dem ratify the conventions, on 3 June, dem start talk how to form de first cabinet wey go get internal autonomy. But Bourguiba no go lead am. E be say e too early for France to fit get de 'Supreme Commander' as di head of de Tunisian government, plus e talk say power no dey attract am plus e feel say e still dey early to hold any position for de state. So na Tahar Ben Ammar wey dem choose again to lead de government. Same way, de Neo-Destour still dey reign. Na de first time since 1881 wey de Tunisian cabinet no get any French member. As Bourguiba dey make speech for everywhere insyde de country, e jom say dis matter wey important, show say de conventions gree de Tunisian people plenty freedom for how dem go manage dia own wahala. As e dey defend im strategy, e no fit just sidon make Ben Youssef wey de Communists plus de Destour dey support take all ground.

Fratricidal struggles

Bourguiba dey welcome Salah Ben Youssef as e return.

For 13 September, Ben Youssef don come back from Cairo. Bourguiba wan bring peace, so e go airport to welcome him 'old friend'. But everything wey e try no work. Ben Youssef no waste time, e dey criticize 'supreme commander' wey dey spoil Arab-Muslim values, plus e dey tell Bourguiba opponents make dem continue de fight to free de whole Maghreb. As dem hear wetin Ben Youssef talk, French High Commissioner come talk say e too much. Neo-Destour Leadership come dey impeach Ben Youssef for all him wahala, during one meeting wey Bourguiba gather. Dem vote say make dem exclude am, but sekof situation serious, dem keep am secret till dem fit talk again. E come finally land on 13 October, shock plenty activists wey feel say that decision big pass small meeting. Plenty group wey dey support Ben Youssef no gree for de decision, dem declare say Ben Youssef be demma correct leader.

For 15 October, Ben Youssef don react to de leaders decision for one meeting we dem organize for Tunis: E talk say de party leaders no gree, and e carry di matter go one 'general Secretariat' wey e claim say na de only legit leadership of de Neo-Destour. De pan-Arab scholars of Ez-Zitouna wey dey feel say dem dey sidelined by de western way of de party, dem show plenty support for di new conservative trend wey dem just create. De country don start to shake again. Ben Youssef dey do plenty tours around de country, as e dey face de sabotage wey Bourguiba followers dey try. But yawa, people wey dey back Ben Youssef dey pop up everywhere, while plenty Neo-Destourian guys dey chill dey wait make dem see who go get final talk. So, Bourguiba come flex hin info strategy wey work well, especially for Kairouan, wey gree follow hin vibe plus join hin side.

For dis matter, dem hold congress for November 1955 to pick who go get last say. Even though Ben Youssef no show face, Bourguiba come win de debate plus collect support from de delegates. So, dem kick im opponent out of de party plus dem approve de internal autonomy rules. Ben Youssef no take de congress matter lightly, so e organize plenty meetings to show say e still get influence. For de country, e get support from fellaghas wey dey fight back. Bourguibist people plus French settlers no spare. As for de fellaghas, dem need make dem get independence sharp sharp, even if dem go need weapon to scatter Bourguiba power. De united Tunisia wey dey 1 June don jam for ground: Those wey rally round Bourguiba plus those wey oppose am den join Ben Youssef.

Dis wahala matter bring civil war wahala come. Plenty people die, dem dey arrest anyhow, torture for illegal jails, some fellagas pick arm fight Tunisian forces, militia dey kidnap people plus local enemies dey attack, cause plenty casualties. Sekof of dis wahala, French authorities decide make dem quick dem autonomy agreement, transfer law enforcement to Tunisian government from 28 November. Dis decision no sweet Ben Youssef, him dey fear minister of interior Mongi Slim go mess things up. To scatter de plans wey Sfax Congress plan, him call for second congress make e happen fast. But him dey face wahala from Tunisian government. Small-small, dem charge Ben Youssef say e dey incite wahala. Slim come tell am say Tunisian police go arrest am, so e just pack come run go outsyde de country. On de low, e waka go Tripoli, Libya, by crossing de Libyan-Tunisian border on 28 January 1956. De next morning, three newspapers wey support am dem seize plus 115 people dem arrest for everywhere. De government come decide say dem go open special court wey dem dey call High court to judge de rebels. As e dey go, Ben Youssef dey push em followers make dem continue de struggle. De area dey work for am sekof de Maghreb dey hot for liberation fight plus de nationalists dey vex as de internal autonomy wey dem gree no give dem enough power, just small small for Tunisians.

Bourguiba don sure say e gatz act, so e fly go Paris for February 1956, make e fit talk to de French people wey no wan gree, to start negotiation for total independence. On 20 March 1956, around 5:40 pm for Quai d'Orsay, de French foreign affairs minister, Christian Pineau talk say "France dey recognize Tunisia independence" den e sign de Independence protocol with Tahar Ben Ammar. De clauses finish Bardo Treaty matter. But France dey hold dem military base for Bizerte for long time. On 22 March, Bourguiba come back to Tunisia as big winner den talk say, "After dem transition period, all French forces go need to pack dem load comot for Tunisia, Bizerte included."

1956–1957: Prime minister of de Kingdom of Tunisia

Power don change hand from outgoing Prime Minister Tahar Ben Ammar to new Prime Minister Habib Bourguiba.

After dem declare independence on 20 March 1956, dem select National Constituent Assembly for 25 March to write constitution. So Bourguiba dey run to represent Monastir people, him be Neo-Destour candidate. On 8 April, dem start assembly session, M'hamed Chenik dey chair am while Al-Amine bey dey for de ceremony. That same day, dem choose Bourguiba as Speaker of de National Constituent Assembly den he talk wetin e dey plan for de country:

We no fit forget say we be Arabs, dat we dey join de Islamic civilization, as we no fit sideline say we dey live for second half of 20th century. We wan join de waka of civilization plus find our spot inside our time.

With dis new beginning, Tahar Ben Ammar don finish him work as head of government, so he give him resignation to al-Amine bey. So, de Neo-Destour dem choose Bourguiba to be dia candidate for di post on 9 April. Bourguiba gree and de bey invite him, three days after him election as head of de assembly, to form cabinet. On 15 April, Bourguiba show him cabinet wey get one deputy prime minister, Bahi Ladgham, two state ministers, eleven ministers plus two secretaries of state. Plus, Bourguiba mix de offices of Minister of Foreign Affairs plus Defense together. So, e be de 20th Head of government wey Tunisia get plus de second for de Kingdom of Tunisia. As e don start im work as Prime Minister, e talk say e go make sure say de sovereignty na for de right place, fit change de tings wey dey insyde de country plus outside, put de sovereignty for de service of de Tunisian people, plus implement bold den beta plans wey go free de national economy from stagnation plus unemployment wahala.

As Prime Minister, Bourguiba dey work make Tunisia free well well. When dem nominate am, police change from French style to Tunisian control; he choose Ismaïl Zouiten as chief of police, him be de first Tunisian wey go hold that position. Meanwhile, French gendarmerie comot, National Guard take over on 3 October 1956. Bourguiba sef reorganize Tunisia administrative areas, create new structure wey get 14 governorates, split into delegations den na governors dem appoint de manage am. Bourguiba dey talk with France make e fit get full control over diplomacy, as France still dey chop foreign policy matter until dem find agreement. But no wahala, Bourguiba create Tunisian minister for Foreign affairs on 3 May plus invite other countries make dem come set embassies plus diplomatic relations. So, e appoint 4 ambassadors for Arab countries plus agree make United States den Turkey start diplomatic mission for Tunisia. Under pressure, France agree make dem open de respective embassies plus sign agreement with de Tunisian government on 16 May. On 12 November, Tunisia don become official United Nations member.

Bourguiba talk plenty about defense matter with France, e dey argue say make French military comot for de country. For 30 June, dem form de Tunisian Armed Forces, even as French soldiers still dey ground. Bourguiba ask make dem gradually comot as de negotiations start for July 1956. France no be really feel am as dem wan use Tunisia military bases to deal with Algerian rebels. After plenty wahala between de two governments, Maurice Faure, de French secretary of state for foreign affairs, don come up with de decision make French forces regroup for Bizerte within two years den dem come sign Franco-Tunisian military alliance. But Bourguiba no gree talk while dem still dey occupy dem land, e demand say French soldiers make dem gather for Bizerte sharp sharp, say the protectorate don finito. So e jom go UK and US come dey beg for dem help.

When Bourguiba dey run tings, e start plenty reforms wey go fit modernize Tunisia plus change how people dey reason. For 31 May 1956, e clear all those beylical privileges, make royal princes plus princesses join normal people wey dey under law. That same day, e kill de property law wey dey for habous, wey strong for Islamic culture. E also end de education wey dem dey run for Ez-Zitouna Mosque by start Ez-Zitouna University, wey dey teach Islamic knowledge under de Education ministry. Same way, Koranic schools come dey under government control, as ministry dey prepare work plan plus manage dem. Plus, e declare free education plus make sure dem teachers go train well well. Bourguiba start big gender equality campaign, dey fight for women rights like: equal education for girls plus boys, women fit get job under same condition like men, free consent to marry plus make dem remove veil. Even though, conservatives no like am plus dem oppose all hin reforms, de campaign be big success. For 13 August 1956, Bourguiba pass de Code of Personal Status, wey change family matter well well. E replace repudiation with divorce make woman fit decide dem own marriage, no need papa consent again. Plus, polygyny no dey allowed again plus equality between papa den mama, plus for pikin dem too, be part of de law. Bourguiba still reform judicial system, cut down religious courts plus start government ones.

For de second anniversary of him comeback for Tunisia, for 1 June 1957, Bourguiba wan proclaim Republic system, but de wahala wey French-Tunisian relationship get sekof dem suspend financial support from France, cause dem delay de event. But, for 22 July, de Neo-Destour leadership call de Constituent Assembly members make dem gather for special meeting, on 25 July. De meeting start for 9:23 pm insyde de throne room of Bardo Palace, chaired by Jallouli Fares. For de afternoon, dem proclaim de Republic, wey finish 252 years old monarchy. De bey's money dem take am collect plus use am pay debts. As e be like dat, with de new regime, dem make Bourguiba acting President of Tunisia until dem fit adopt constitution. So, Bourguiba's cabinet scatter den dem appoint new one, wey no get de office of Prime Minister again.

1957–1987: Presidency

1957–1962: Founder of Modern Tunisia

Bourguiba don sign de constitution on 1 June 1959.

On 8 February 1958, French soldiers bombed border village wey dem dey call Sakiet Sidi Youssef. People wey suffer plenty, 72 pipo don die, plus many wey injure. That same night, Bourguiba open de 'evacuation battle' for Bizerte. So, he talk say no French warship fit enter Tunisia water from 12 February. He come carry bill go National Constituent Assembly wey go nullify de 1942 convention wey talk say 'Bizerte no be part of Tunisia, e be French harbor'. Dem pass de bill well for 14 February.

Dem use diplomatic pressure make him get France to carry dem people comot for Tunisian land, only Bizerte dey remain. Three years later, when wahala burst for Bizerte, dem negotiate well as France finally carry dem komot for Tunis land, on 15 October 1963.

For 1 June 1959, dem officially accept the constitution. Na so, President Bourguiba sign am, during one ceremony wey dem do for Bardo. Plus, e talk to the people make dem remember the Caliphate time:

Everything dey depend on how leaders sabi plus wetin dem fit do for moral side. De only wahala for dia power na wetin religion talk. Dat one na for who fit qualify. As for how long dem go fit rule, na for life be dat. Only when dem die, e go stop. Dem fit old, fit no fit take power again and shine for di courtiers wey dey around dem. E be like dead end, no way out. De quarry dey organized.

Unlike him Arab brothers, Bourguiba put him focus on education and health, no be like military matter wey dey suffer. E create modern education wey make famous writer Mahmoud Messadi him be education minister. So, him stop Koranic plus western mixed teaching. Schools dey public den free. Bourguiba also finish the dual justice system, remove religion hand for court matter, plus start civil courts.

President Bourguiba visiting a classroom.

For February 1961, e call em people make dem no fast for Ramadan, make dem fit fight underdevelopment plus start new modern state. For March 1964, e show am well by drinking orange juice for TV, dey do am for daytime. em talk say make dem no fast plus wetin e talk about Muhammad, wey one Lebanese newspaper publish, gree plenty people vex for Muslim World. For 1974, Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz dey accuse am say e don turn back from im faith.

For 20th December 1962, de government come talk say dem don find dem conspiracy wey wan take over President Bourguiba plus kill am. Later dem find out say de plan na military people and some civilians wey dey follow Ben Youssef prepare am. De conspiracy show when one officer wey dey feel bad come tell Bahi Ladgham, wey be Bourguiba second in command, about de plan, blow de whistle plus drop names. E talk say tanks go need to waka from L'Aouina barrack go Carthage Palace.

Among dem wey dey do bad things be Mahmoud El Materi paddy, Moncef El Materi, plus de President Aide-de-camp. For de trials, one of de charged under-officer talk say e no go fit forgive Bourguiba for 'sacrificing dem during Bizerte battle'. Dem carry eleven culprits go military court, dem give dem death sentence, dem hang dem. Plus, de Communist party for Tunisia plus La Tribune du progrès magazine wey dey close to dem party, dem ban am.

1960s: Socialist experiment plus Arab diplomacy issues

President Bourguiba plus Ben Salah during a meeting for 1963.

Ahmed Ben Salah, de rising star wey dey shine for government and dey support socialist economic policy, Bourguiba protect am from de wahala wey other Tunisois ministers dey give am: "Na me go take charge for de plan wey I put under my authority. From now, dis plan go be de work of de party". On 17 November 1961, Ben Salah take over de party leadership, even though him no fit win for de Central committee elections during de Congress of Sousse for 1959.

Bourguiba wey marry Wassila Ben Ammar on 12 April 1962, na missed chance for de Tunisois to limit Ben Salah encroachment. E happen for 6 February 1963, Bourguiba talk say the fight against underdevelopment na "struggle for human dignity and glory of fatherland [...] For this kind matter, na so dem go need restrict freedoms plus privileges of private property so e fit dey more productive and bring better profit for community". For June, wen e go Sfax, him talk say:

For dem wey dey pose as defenders of personal freedom, private biz plus free trade, we go talk say this plan dey benefit everybody. For our matter, only when we join hand go work well.

So, e target trade area: All de old routes dem scatter plus new network of state offices and cooperatives come take over. He particularly look how Djerbiens dey do trade, wey Ben Salah see as conservative group. For 28 April 1964, Bourguiba talk say make dem start negotiate for agricultural lands wey foreign people dey hold. As dem talk am, on 2 May, France come notify say dem go stop di financial help. Bourguiba, so, decide say e go nationalize the lands, on 12 May. But the peasants no wan join that kind system. E be true say, de bureaucracy dey weaken de government idea: Some areas still dey dry, but some gather plenty workers pass wetin dem suppose get.

For 30 September, de first five-year plan end with 25% devaluation of de dinar. During de congress for Bizerte, dem still confirm de collectivist strategy wey carry three economic sectors come (public, private and cooperative). De Neo-Destour wey dem rename am to Socialist Destourian Party (SDP) plus dem form central committee wey include ministers, governors, regional party officers plus some big men. Dem base am on communist party model. So, dem no dey elect leaders again o, na de president go just pick am from de central committee. At de end of de congress, to take charge of de Tunisian General Labour Union (TGLU), de only unique labor union for de country, de SDP decide say dem go create their own professional cells for all businesses to compete with de labor ones. So, de presidential party finally take control over de country.

For July 1965, after some wahala happen for ship wey dey link Sfax to Kerkennah Islands, TGLU chairman, Habib Achour wey dem carry go jail plus dem replace am as head of de labour union. Since dat time, de State-party system plus de Bourguiba-Ben Salah combo just throw Tunisia for rush plus plenty wahala wey cover basic reality. So, de wahala start on 15 December for Msaken: Dem people dey protest say dem no wan join new fruit tree cooperatives wey go take over their 80000 olive trees. After de matter, government come start arrest ten protesters plus scatter party cells wey dey support de farmers.

President Bourguiba with Egyptian President Nasser plus Algerian President Ben Bella.

Dis time, Bourguiba show say e dey different from im Arab boys for foreign policy. Twenty years before Egyptian President Anwar el-Sadat come, he dey support make we no dey fight with State of Israel. When e visit Middle-East, e no mind Gamal Abdel Nasser, plus for speech wey e talk for Jericho on 3 March 1965, that all or nothing policy wey dey for Palestine just de lead dem to defeat. E still talk say make United Nations fit join Arab states for de area plus Israel. For May that same year, sekof people talk say dem support am,Template:Dubious e comot from Arab League.

For 14 March, Bourguiba get heart attack. From that day, everywhere dey fear say him fit die anytime, plus that same day, him dey plan who go come after am. For 5 June, when Six-Day War burst, people begin dey riot for Tunis: American Cultural Center, Great Synagogue plus London shopping area dem loot and set fire. On 25 January 1969, dem order Ouerdanin people make dem give all dem land plus orchard to cooperative, but dem no gree, dem fight back de tractors. De uprising finish with two death plus plenty pipo wey injure, as de police shoot. For everywhere wey you go for di country, wahala dey burst because dem no wan accept di way wey dem dey collect everything. On 3rd August, Ben Salah carry come give Bourguiba one decree-law bill wey talk about make dem use cooperative system for agriculture. But Bourguiba, wetin him minister talk say make e no sign di bill, him no gree sign am. Di next day, him come announce say:

We don reach de edge of de cooperative system. E dey valid till e reach point wey balance go break.

For 8 September, dem talk say dem don sack Ben Salah, presidency come dey announce am. On 8 June 1970, Bourguiba come tell de Tunisian people say this experiment no work as e suppose be:

Constitutionally, na me, Habib Bourguiba, dey hold de first plus only responsibility. Na sekof I be human, I fit make mistake, so I go fit wrong for some matter, I dey talk am with plenty humility. I dey apologize for de people, especially de activists wey suffer [...]. I sabi say dem get faith for my good intentions [...], but one guy wey dey lie like devil take advantage of me.

For 16 August, as he dey talk for Monastir, he blast say "big plan wey dem get wey wan set fascism with revolutionary style".

1970s: Blocked reforms plus health problems

Bourguiba, from now on, dey push for changes wey go fit reorganize the State plus de SDP matter. So, de party leaders shift from political office to high committee level. But, early August, e talk say e wan focus on social and economic plans, dey stress say make justice happen for people wey suffer under collectivism, plus so e don put political wahala for back.

Official picture of Bourguiba's cabinet, for de early 1970s.

De socialist time don pass, plus government don enter liberal hand, Hedi Nouira wey dem make prime minister for 1970. For January 1971, before e waka go US for treatment, Bourguiba sign paper give Nouira power wey join Achour-Nouira alliance wey dey against Interior Minister, Ahmed Mestiri. For Monastir Congress wey start for 19 June, Bourguiba come back after six months for abroad, den e name three people wey go take over: "I dey see am with confidence say de day my journey for this world go finish, Nouira go take my place, den Mestiri go follow, then Masmoudi". But de congress carry come one turn wey no go sweet de President. After Mestiri try take charge of de party, Bourguiba no gree, suspend am plus im guys plus finish de work for de Central Committee: "E clear sey, as long as I dey dis world, I go still dey run de State."

For May 1973, Bourguiba meet Algerian President Houari Boumediene for Kef. He talk say: "De beginning na de union between Algeria plus Tunisia. We go do am small small but we go do am well [...] we go take am step by step". Bourguiba, wey shocked by de proposal, suggest say: "Algeria fit give away Constantine make we fit balance de geography well between de two countries". For one interview wey he do with de Egyptian magazine El Moussaouar on 20 September, Bourguiba drop some statement, share him thoughts about de next union plan:"

De way we go create United States of North Africa wey go include Tunisia, Libya, Algeria, Morocco plus Mauritania go be step by step, we go take am easy, no rush. E fit take 10 years or even 100 years no wahala. De capital of de federation suppose be Kairouan, wey don dey de spiritual capital for Muslims for plenty years, e go fit show say we dey come back to de glory wey Islamic world get before.

For January 1974, Bourguiba don meet Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi for Jerba. dem talk say e fit be possible make Libya and Tunisia join body. At de end of the gist, Tunisia Foreign Affairs Minister, Mohamed Masmoudi, talk say: "Two countries go come together be one republic, de Arab Islamic Republic, with one constitution, one flag, one president, one army plus de same executive, legislative plus judicial. dem go organise referendum on 18 January 1974". For de airport, Bourguiba talk am give journalists:

Dis day be history, we don fight for 50 years wey dey happen since Islamic Arab Republic start, e go carry weight based on wetin we don see, wetin we get plus all de money wey dey. We dey hope say Algeria, Mauritania plus Morocco go join Libya plus Tunisia [...] We don decide say make we do referendum as soon as we fit, we expect am go happen on 18 January 1974. But if de procedure for de referendum need delay, e fit happen on 20 March, Independence Day [...] Na dis one I wan tell all de people for North Africa. We dey hope say de pipo for Mashreq go follow our lead to form strong plus powerful community.

President Bourguiba plus Prime Minister Hedi Nouira during de 1974 SDP congress of Monastir.

But wahala dey insyde de country plus outside, Bourguiba no fit carry de project go, e talk say de referendum no dey follow law. Na wetin make de new congress of SPD wey happen for Monastir on 12 September, decide make dem change de constitution so that Habib Bourguiba go fit become life president, as e collect dat title from National Assembly on 18 March 1975. De constitution wey dem revise add one paragraph to Article 39 wey talk say, 'for special reasons plus sekof of de great work wey 'Supreme Commander' Habib Bourguiba do for de Tunisian people, wey e rescue from colonial wahala plus turn dem into one united modern nation, wey dey enjoy fully de power of dem own, de National Assembly declare say President Habib Bourguiba go be president for life.' For April 1976, dem do another amendment wey go make Prime Minista de follow up President like wetin constitution talk. Na during autumn, Bourguiba dey feel one kind wahala wey be depression wey no go comot for five years. Insyde de Carthage palace wey e dey, e no dey see visitors.

For economy level, de government still dey control almost 80% of di country's moneys, wey make dem dey involve for almost all de social wahala. E be true say, business places be de spot for permanent fight between TGLU syndicates plus de professional people wey dey for SPD.

For 1978, Bourguiba no get choice than to talk true about Camp David Accords as e dey feel pressure from him partners [who?], this na wetin make Tunisia accept make Arab League plus Palestine Liberation Organization dey for their place.

Even though e dey hard, 1970s be time wey economy begin shine again after socialism no work. Under Nouira, de government come follow liberalization policy. But for 26 January 1978, Black Thursday show face. After TGLU call to make general strike, plenty protesters, mostly Tunisian young guys, gather for medina, market streets for town plus rich areas like Belvédère plus Mutuelleville. Dem destroy dem showcase, chop fire den burn public buildings. Wen itdon reach noon, President Bourguiba tell de army make dem join action to quench de uprising. De trouble end wit plenty people wey don die, fit reach hundreds, as some talk. For afternoon, Bourguiba talk say we go dey under state of emergency den curfew wey don last for nearly three months. Twenty months after Black Thursday, dem hold one next congress for SPD, wey start on 5 September 1979. Bourguiba no wan open old wounds, so him talk make everybody move forward. For him opening speech, him dey talk say make all Tunisians, no matter demma differences, make dem join hands to support state building, wey go fit bring national revival, security den stability. For dis time wey everybody dey claim say dem dey united, de congress de happen insyde plenty confusion as de space between de president plus de hawks wey no wan hear anytin about openness plus multi-party system for de sake of national unity don dey grow. Insyde dis matter, de congress vote say make dem chuck Achour, de chairman of de TGLU from SPD and plenty ministers wey dey resign too. Dem try force Nouira make him be de chairman of de party. After Bourguiba talk, all dis decisions no go public but dem only announce small for de National Radio.

1980s: Succession of crises plus fall from power

Habib Bourguiba.

For dat side, de 1980s start for Tunisia with serious wahala. Clientelism dey grow fast, e come dey block economy plus social development . De matter come bad with Bourguiba age, him health dey jom, plus him no fit run state mata well Template:Which. Dis one come hype de rise of people wey wan take over, na so dem start de succession war. De country for dat time dey face serious political plus social crisis, plus e dey worsen with de economy wey dey fall plus de state wey dey stuck, spread plenty worry, despair, plus loss of trust. But, for de SPD congress wey happen April 1981, Bourguiba drop one historical talk wey dey support political pluralism:

De kind maturity wey Tunisian people don reach, de young pipo dem dreams plus de interest to involve all Tunisian for decision-making, no matter wetin dem sabi, whether dem dey insyde or outside de party, make we talk say we no get wahala with new political or social national groups wey go show face.

But this turn no work because of the wahala wey dey happen for de capital during parliamentary elections, plus even with Prime Minister Mohamed Mzali try. So, de succession fight dey worse. For this matter, Wassila Bourguiba, wey Jeune Afrique interview am on 28 February 1982, talk say, "With de constitution wey dey now, continuity na just show plus people fit reject am. Tunisian people respect Bourguiba, but true continuity go happen wen dem carry on Bourguiba work with person wey people don elect democratically." Habib Achour, wey dem interview for de same magazine on 11 August, talk say: 'I dey support make we review Constitution, so anybody wey want fit run for office no wahala'. Bourguiba no slack, e go legalize two new political parties on 19 November 1983: The Movement of Socialist Democrats and the Popular Unity Party, dem be former pals of Ben Salah.

For late 1983, oil price drop make Tunisia government dey struggle even more, as dem wan manage expenses. President Bourguiba gree say make dem find loan from IMF. But this IMF loan come with conditions, like cut down spending plus do some reforms. As dem announce say dem go stop food subsidy on 29 December 1983, bread den flour price sharp rise straightaway. De Tunisian bread riots begin dat day for de semi-desert area wey dem dey call Nefzaoua for de south, plus for 3 January 1984, dem declare state of emergency as de wahala don spread go Tunis plus Sfax. By de time de protests finish for 5 January 1984, more than 150 people wey dey riot don die. President Bourguiba talk for 6 January 1984 say dem don cancel de increase for bread den flour price.

Dis wahala wey happen dey make whole country dey feel am. Paul Balta write for Le Monde on 10 January say: "De people wey dey live for red belts [clarification needed] of Tunis and big cities, wey dey suffer small, don join de struggle of people wey no get plenty. Dem don show dem anger pass wetin happen on 26 January 1978. Meanwhile, Mohamed Charfi talk say, 'Na society wahala be dis', as he yarn on 27 January. 'De social change no match de political change [...] so di wahala wey dey between permanent social change plus political cold na wetin cause de regime problem.' Plus, Mohamed Toumi talk say: "Dem wey official talk dey call unemployed, lazy, bad belle people, na victims of bad development [...] dem dey cut connection with all di tins wey make establishment, government and di legal opposition mingled".

For 1st October 1985, Israel carry out attack for Palestine Liberation Organization base wey dey near Tunis. Tunisian Armed Forces no fit stop dem from scatter de place finish. Even though plenty people wey die na PLO members, some Tunisian civilians wey dey around sef get wahala. Sekof of this matter, Bourguiba cool down him relationship with United States well well.

President Bourguiba alongside Prime minister Mohamed Mzali.

For house matter, Prime Minister Mzali don clear all Bourguiba entourage. For July 1985, e change presidential guy Allala Laouiti give Mansour Skhiri. E also fit push Bourguiba Jr., wey be president adviser wey him papa sack on 7 January 1986, come out from Carthage. To fit solve de serious money wahala, Bourguiba replace Mzali plus put Rachid Sfar for him place on 8 July 1986. Dis plenty wahala make Islamism dey grow plus Bourguiba dey fear pass. E wan General Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali help am fight dis Islamism, so e make am interior minister for 1986 den prime minister for October 1987.

Bourguiba dey sick since 1970s. As 1980s dey go, him behavior dey scatter. Him fire general manager of big newspaper just 24 hours after him appoint am. Him self fire head of country UN delegation few days after him put am there, plus him forget de decree wey him don sign to put new ministers. Everything come spoil for November 1987, when him order new trial for fifteen Islamists den demand say twelve of dem go hang by next weekend. Dis latest order don make plenty people wey dey support plus oppose Bourguiba believe say e no dey reason well again; one human rights activist talk say him orders fit cause civil war. After some doctors wey dey check Bourguiba drop report say e no fit handle him work, Prime Minister Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali wey just enter de position one month ago, na him remove Bourguiba from office plus take de presidency by himself for wetin dem dey call 'medical coup d'état.' Bourguiba start for liberal secular vibe, but him presidency come finish for economic plus financial wahala.

After de presidency

Bourguiba's mausoleum for Monastir

Tomb of Bourguiba for Monastir

To make sure say dem no go bring am back, dem carry Bourguiba comot from Carthage Palace some days after 7 November 1987. Dem first take am go one house for Mornag, then later to Monastir on 22 October 1988 wey him dey enjoy medical care. Him talk say dem dey treat am well for new government. He dey suffer plenty health wahala, like slurred speech plus focus problems, as he dey face serious sickness for 1990s. Sometimes, foreign people plus President Ben Ali go come visit am.

Death

For 5 March 2000, dem rush Bourguiba go Tunis military hospital, after e catch pneumonitis. E condition be serious, so dem do thoracentesis for ICU. E health come better, plus on 13 March, he waka go him house for Monastir. He die there officially at 96 years, for 6 April 2000 around 9:50 pm. President Ben Ali do declare seven days for national mourning, wey Algeria sef talk say dem go mourn for three days. Algerian President Abdelaziz Bouteflika talk say Bourguiba be "One of de Maghreb wey get plenty influence for 20th century, wey Africa plus de whole world fit boast". As e dey go, UN Secretary-General, Kofi Annan, give tribute to "de man of peace" plus "de architect of de Organization of African Unity".

For de afternoon wey don finish, dem wrap im body for white cloth, as tradition sabi, plus dem carry am go Chabiba members, de youth group of de Democratic Constitutional Rally, wey dey wear red jackets. Dem drop am for de middle of de family house, cover am with de Tunisian flag den surround am with Chabiba members. Im pikin, Habib Jr., im daughter-in-law plus im adopted padi Hajer collect condolence from Monastir City plus de Governorate officials. Bourguiba buried for 8 April, for de afternoon, insyde him mausoleum. After small ceremony for Hanafi Mosque wey dey Bourguiba, dem carry him body go on top gun carriage, cover am with national flag plus military vehicle go follow am, full with Tunisian army soldiers. Some foreign guests wey show say e be French President Jacques Chirac, Algerian Bouteflika, Palestinian Yasser Arafat plus Egyptian Hosni Mubarak. After dem bury am, President Ben Ali come talk eulog for him wey sabi show how Bourguiba dey fight hard for Tunisia.

But de funeral conditions, e come catch international media eye weh dem dey criticize am, dem talk say de ceremony short, foreign guests dey few, plus dem no show am for TV, but dem fit show animal rites during de funeral parade.

Legacy

Habib Bourguiba's Identity card (Bourguiba's Museum, Monastir).

Habib Bourguiba carry Tunisia go independence, plus e start second civil republic for Arab world after Lebanon. E come bring plenty 'Tunisification' policies wey dey push de nation-state matter forward.

As for de former minister Mohamed Charfi, de way wey Bourguiba take change de Tunisian society plenty: urbanization, education, dem dey switch to new family model plus women dey free. E still talk say Bourguiba play big role for de reform wey happen for di country, alongside other big names for Tunisia history like Kheireddine Pacha plus Tahar Haddad. E talk say, "If underdevelopment na sickness, den Bourguiba fit diagnose am well plus provide de correct medicine." But some pipo dey doubt how far dem success for de fight for development plus de role wey Bourguiba play for de change.

Bourguibism

Main article: Bourguibism

Habib Bourguiba's Statue (Tunis).

Bourguiba don develop im own doctrine wey e call 'Bourguibism', but e dey follow pragmatism style. E base am on political plus economic realism wey believe say 'no area for this life suppose escape human reasoning power'. E get some populist plus corporatist gist insyde am, dem dey support welfare state, plus until Tunisian Revolution, e followers dey generally dey look matter as government matter.

Dem dey call am local version of Kemalism, e be all about Tunisian identity, wey dey fight against Ottomans plus French, plus liberalism, plus one kind national Islam wey dem control. E dey show say dem wan sip independence from other Arab countries matter. Step-by-step policy na big part of Bourguiba doctrine. Bourguiba reason like this sekof e dey follow real possibilities wey dey ground, no be just dreams like 'all or nothing' way some people dey talk den support.

E be true say e give Bourguiba chance to dey do as e like, wey make am fit chop political opportunism, fit bring big changes plus sharp turnarounds too.

Social reforms

Bourguiba government dey bring change wey include women freedom, public school for everybody, family planning, quality healthcare wey government dey run, campaign to boost reading, better admin plus money management, stop religious property support wey dem dey call Waqf, plus build de country's road plus structures.

Wives of Tunisian personalities greeting Habib Bourguiba.

For im social agenda, Bourguiba dey support women rights well-well. So, e pass law wey dem call Code of Personal Status, wey dem ratify on 13 August 1956, small time after e don take de Prime Minister position for Tunisia. E sharp from Tahar Haddad wey dey fight for women rights, Bourguiba use im ideas build this law, make women free, even as people dem dey conservative at that time. E sabi say wahala go follow am, but e choose to act, before dem even start de Republic. But e be so, some religious peeps dey support am, like Mohamed Fadhel Ben Achour wey talk say Bourguiba reform dey alright, plus CPS fit be way wey people fit sabi Islam. But still, some no gree with dem talk, dey yan say CPS dey go against Islamic laws. So, de Personal Status Code go fit be de main legacy wey Habib Bourguiba leave behind, e don turn to something wey even de Islamists no go fit talk against am openly again. But he do am well, him fit set some important laws wey stop polygamy, make women fit divorce better, plus raise de age wey girls fit marry to 17 years, so women go fit get more rights.

If you compare am with Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Mohamed Charfi talk say Bourguiba wan change society ‘insyde Islam’ and no be against am. This change wey dey happen for society plus how e dey modernize, e come with small explanation wey show how public Bourguiba dey address issues. But this reform matter, author Hélé Béji dey question am, sekof she dey draw our eye to plenty of de wahala wey dey happen with Bourguiba’s moves, especially as e concern women. Plus, Jean Daniel talk say Bourguiba plus Jacques Berque get one gist about Islam. For Bourguiba, religion wey dey join de Destourian party, na im dey help colonize Tunisia from way back. But Charfi no gree for this talk; e say de real break wey Bourguiba cause na between de traditional society plus Islam, no be like dat.

Bourguiba no dey like veil at all, e don talk am plenty times say na 'that terrible cloth'.

Wen Bourguiba dey president, education be big deal, as e reform whole education system make am grow. Government money for education no go down, e dey rise every year reach 32% for 1976. Private schools still dey, but dem follow government rules. For 1958, dem join Arabic teaching from Ez-Zitouna University insyde one bilingual system. Since 1956, Bourguiba don dey set groundwork for higher education for Tunisia, wey include universities plus special institutes.

Foreign policy

De Bourguibas plus de Kennedys at de White House fot 1961.

As e concern em foreign policy, Jean Lacouture talk say Bourguiba dey manage em relation with France, even though e get wahala for East. Lacouture talk say Bourguiba get vex wen dem propose am 'co-sovereignty' for 1955. Na de fight for him country independence wey cause wahala with de Arab League countries, but e go make more sense to de United States wey Bourguiba build strong friendship with. For him matter, e no be like other leaders for de Arab world, wey think sey non-alignment mean sey dem dey anti-American.

Plus, Bourguiba be strong supporter of Francophonie wey dey work with Léopold Sédar Senghor plus Hamani Diori. E come be de active ambassador for de tour wey him do for Africa in 1965. E talk say, de French language plus Francophonie dey compete to build modern Tunisia wey go dey open.

One-party state

Bourguiba wey dey fight for independence, talk say Tunisian people dey mature, but he later come conclude say de country no ready for democracy and plural politics. He come just declare himself president for life. As e talk, "de people never reach maturity for democracy" wey e come sidestep for de unity wey him project dey carry. So, when dem build de base of modern state, Bourguiba come dey choose "papa-like authoritarian" style small small. Dis one come peak when Neo Destour be de only party wey dem fit allow for 1963.

So, e be like say political democracy for Ghana no dey happen like dat. Constitution give Bourguiba plenty power, like say e be dictator. E even talk am when journalist ask am about Tunisia politics. Bourguiba reply say, "De system? Wetin be system? I be De system." For this wahala, Bourguiba party just dey be like "alibi for ideological desert."

Power of one

Bourguiba sitting at his desk for Carthage.

E important make we talk say, when e dey conquer plus run things, e dey scatter all de people wey suppose be em allies but turn rivals: Abdelaziz Thâalbi plus Mohieddine Klibi, wey dey represent de bourgeoise side of Destour; Salah Ben Youssef, wey Nasser support, wey e kill for 1961. Tahar Ben Ammar wey sign de independence agreement; Ahmed Mestiri, wey be de liberal person for im party; Mahmoud El Materi, de first president of Neo-Destour, wey plenty people discredit am plus as e no fit trust Bourguiba again, e decide to retire.

But e be Bourguiba wey see di wahala wey political archaism dey pose for di country. For 8 June 1970, e talk say "experience show say if power dey gather for one person hand, matter dey fit spoil", e come explain de big plans for de institutional change wey e dey think. E go focus, e talk, on "amendments wey go make de cabinet accountable to de President of de Republic but still to de National Assembly wey come from popular vote. So de assembly fit fit impeach one minister or whole cabinet if dem no gree [...]." Odah modification wey dem go do for de constitution go make de president no fit carry de wahala alone again [...] After fifteen years wey e don dey rule, e be time to update de Constitution make de president, de national Assembly plus de people fit work together. But de spirit of de reform no gree meet de standard, na only de spirit of Article 39 (wey talk about life presidency) go stand strong.

De end of him rule dey come with fight for power, left side dey weak, plus Islamist movement plus patrimonialism dey show face.

Personal life

Bourguiba with Mathilde plus Habib Jr. for 1956.

For 1925, wen Habib Bourguiba dey school for Paris, e meet Mathilde Lorrain wey he settle down with. During summer wey he go back Tunis, e hear say she dey pregnant: Habib Bourguiba Jr., him only pikin, born on 9 April 1927 for Paris. Dem marry for August that same year after dem come back to Tunisia. After independence, Mathilde get Tunisian citizenship, change to Islam plus take name Moufida. On 21 July 1961, dem finally divorce.

For 12 April 1962, Bourguiba marry Wassila Ben Ammar, one woman from Tunis bourgeoisie wey e don know for 18 years. Dem adopt one girl wey dem call Hajer. Wassila join politics well-well as her husband health dey bad, plus dem give her de title Majda (Venerable). Dem divorce for 11 August 1986, no wahala just one statement without any serious legal matter.

Honours plus decorations

Tunisian national honours

Habib Bourguiba decorated by Lamine Bey (Carthage, 1956).

• Template:Flag :

• Grand Master & Grand Collar of the Order of Independence (automatic upon taking presidential office)
• Grand Master & Grand Collar of the Order of the Republic (automatic upon taking presidential office)
• Grand Master & Grand Cordon of the National Order of Merit (automatic upon taking presidential office)
• Grand Cordon of Nichan Iftikar (1956)

Foreign honors

• Template:Flag : Knight of the Order of the Elephant (1963)
• Template:Flag : Collar of the Order of the Nile (1965)
• Template:Flag : Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Ethiopia (1963)
• Template:Flag : Companion of the Order of the Star of Ghana (1966)
• Template:Flag : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion (1966)
• Template:Flag : Collar of the Order of Pahlavi (1969)
• Template:Flag : Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (25 May 1962)
• Template:Flag : Grand Cross of the National Order of the Ivory Coast (1966)
• Template:Flag : Collar of the Order of Al-Hussein bin Ali (1973)
• Template:Flag : Collar of the Order of Abdulaziz Al Saud (1975)
• Template:Flag : Grand Croce of the Order of the Pioneers of Liberia (1966)
• Template:Flag : Collar of the Order of Idris I
• Template:Flag : Honorary Grand Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (1969)
• Template:Flag : Grand Cordon of the National Order of Merit of Mauritania (1966)
• Template:Flag : Collar of the Order of Muhammad
• Template:Flag : Grand Cordon of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite (1956)
• Template:Flag : Grand Cross of the Order of the Niger (1966)
• Template:Flag : Special Class of the Order of Oman (1973)
• Template:Flag : Grand Cross of the National Order of the Lion (1966)
• Template:Flag : Collar of the Order of Civil Merit (24 May 1968)
• Template:Flag : Knight of the Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (16 November 1983)
• Template:Flag : Knight of the Royal Order of the Seraphim (22 May 1963)
• Template:Flag : Collar of the Order of the State of Republic of Turkey (1960)
• Template:Flag : Collar of the Order of the Federation (1973)
• Template:Flag : Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (1980)
• Template:Flag : Yugoslav Great Star (1965)

Awards plus recognition

• Honorary Degree from Cheikh Anta Diop University
• Honorary Degree from Cairo University
• Honorary Degree from Lebanese University
• Nelson Mandela Supreme Fighter Prize
• Order of Independence

Publications

• Le Destour et la France, ed. Berg, Paris, 1937
• La Tunisie et la France : vingt-cinq ans de lutte pour une coopération libre, ed. Julliard, Tunis, 1954
• La Tunisie de Bourguiba, ed. Plon, Paris, 1958
• Le Drame algérien, ed. Publications du secrétariat d’État à l’Information, Tunis, 1960
• La Bataille économique, ed. Publications du secrétariat d’État à l’Information, Tunis, 1962
• La Promotion de l’Afrique, ed. Publications du secrétariat d’État à l’Information, Tunis, 1965
• Éducation et développement, ed. Publications du secrétariat d’État à l’Information, Tunis, 1966
• 9 avril 1938. Le procès Bourguiba, ed. Centre de documentation nationale, Tunis, 1970
• Propos et réflexions, ed. Publications du secrétariat d’État à l’Information, Tunis, 1974
• Ma vie, mes idées, mon combat, ed. Publications du secrétariat d’État à l’Information, Tunis, 1977
• Citations, ed. Dar El Amal, Tunis, 1978
• Articles de presse (1929-1933), ed. Dar El Amal, Tunis, 1982
• Les Lettres du prisonnier de La Galite, ed. Dar El Amal, Tunis, 1983
• Ma vie, mon œuvre, ed. Plon, Paris, 1985