Hagia Sophia

Hagia Sophia

tourist attraction, mosque, museum

Part of	Historic Areas of Istanbul
Year dem found am	23 February 532
Get use	mosque
Name	basilique de Sainte-Sophie
Native label	Αγία Σοφία, Ayasofya
Ein field of work	Byzantine art
Affiliate plus	Museum Directorate of Ayasofya
Religion anaa worldview	Islam
Dem name after	Holy Wisdom
Found by	Constantine the Great
Culture	Byzantine architecture, Ottoman architecture
Country	Turkey
Edey de administrative territorial entity insyd	Fatih, Istanbul, Istanbul Province, Cankurtaran
Ein location	Sultan Ahmet
Located in/on physical feature	Marmara Region
Coordinate location	41°0′30″N 28°58′48″E
Commissioned by	Justinian I
Dedicated to	Holy Wisdom
Architect	Isidore of Miletus, Anthemius of Tralles
Architectural style	Byzantine architecture, basilica
Date of official opening	1054
Date dem dissolve, abolish anaa demolish	404, 14 January 532
Payment types accepted	cash, Müzekart
Heritage designation	World Heritage Site
Described at URL	https://www.thebyzantinelegacy.com/hagia-sophia
Contains	Tomb of Mehmed III
Patron saint	Jesus
State of conservation	preserved
Category for the exterior of the item	Category:Exterior of Hagia Sophia
Category for the interior of the item	Category:Interior of Hagia Sophia
Category for the view from the item	Category:Views from Hagia Sophia

Hagia Sophia (Turkish: Ayasofya; Ottoman Turkish: آیا صوفیا; Greek: Ἁγία Σοφία, romanized: Hagía Sophía; Latin: Sancta Sapientia; lit. 'Holy Wisdom'), officially de Hagia Sophia Grand Mosque (Turkish: Ayasofya-i Kebir Cami-i Şerifi; Ottoman Turkish: آیا صوفیاى کبیر جامع شریف), be a mosque, museum den former church wey dey serve as a major cultural den historical site insyd Istanbul, Turkey. De last of three church buildings wey be successively erected for de site by de Eastern Roman Empire, na dem plete am insyd AD 537, wey e cam turn de world ein largest interior space den among de first make dem employ a fully pendentive dome. Na dem consider am de epitome of Byzantine architecture wey na dem say e "change de history of architecture". Na de site be an Eastern rite church from AD 360 to 1453, except for a brief time as a Latin Catholic church between de Fourth Crusade insyd 1204 den 1261. After de fall of Constantinople insyd 1453, na e serve as a mosque, wey get ein minarets added shortly later, til 1935, wen e cam turn a museum, before ebe redesignated as a mosque insyd 2020. Insyd 2024, na de upper floor of de mosque begin make e serve as a museum.

Na de current structure be built by de Byzantine emperor Justinian I as de Christian cathedral of Constantinople between 532–537 wey ebe designed by de Greek geometers Isidore of Miletus den Anthemius of Tralles. Na ebe formally called de Church of God's Holy Wisdom, (Greek: Ναὸς τῆς Ἁγίας τοῦ Θεοῦ Σοφίας, romanized: Naòs tês Hagías toû Theoû Sophías) de third church of de same name make e occupy de site, as na dem destroy de prior one insyd de Nika riots. As de episcopal see of de ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople, na e remain de world ein largest cathedral for nearly a thousand years, til na dem plete de Seville Cathedral insyd 1520.

Hagia Sophia cam turn de quintessential model give Eastern Orthodox church architecture, wey na ein architectural style ve emulated by Ottoman mosques a thousand years later. Na de Hagia Sophia serve as an architectural inspiration give chaw oda religious buildings wey dey include de Hagia Sophia in Thessaloniki, Panagia Ekatontapiliani, de Şehzade Mosque, de Süleymaniye Mosque, de Rüstem Pasha Mosque den de Kılıç Ali Pasha Complex.

After de fall of Constantinople to de Ottoman Empire insyd 1453, na dem convert am to a mosque by Mehmed the Conqueror wey e cam turn de principal mosque of Istanbul til de 1616 construction of de Sultan Ahmed Mosque. Na de patriarchate move to de Church of the Holy Apostles, wich cam turn de city ein cathedral. Na de complex remain a mosque til 1931, wen na dem close am to de public for four years. Na dem re-open am insyd 1935 as a museum under de secular Republic of Turkey, wey na de building be Turkey ein most visited tourist attraction as of 2019. Insyd 2020, na de Council of State annull de 1934 decision make dem establish de museum, wey na dem reclassify de Hagia Sophia as a mosque. Na de decision be highly controversial, wey dey spark divided opinions den drawing condemnation from de Turkish opposition, UNESCO, de World Council of Churches dem de International Association of Byzantine Studies, as well as chaw international leaders, while chaw Muslim leaders insyd Turkey den oda countries welcome ein conversion.

History

Church of Constantius II

Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Ottoman empire, ca. 1897.

Na de first church for de site be known as de Magna Ecclesia (Μεγάλη Ἐκκλησία, Megálē Ekklēsíā, 'Great Church') secof ein size dem compare to de sizes of de contemporary churches insyd de city. According to de Chronicon Paschale, na de church be consecrated for 15 February 360, during de reign of de emperor Constantius II (r. 337–361) by de Arian bishop Eudoxius of Antioch. Na dem build am next to de area wer na dem develop de Great Palace. According to de 5th-century ecclesiastical historian Socrates of Constantinople, na de emperor Constantius make dem c. 346 "construct de Great Church alongside dem call Irene wich secof na ebe too small, de emperor ein poppie [Constantine] make dem enlarge den beautify am". A tradition wich no be older dan de 7th anaa 8th century dey report say na de edifice be built by Constantius ein poppie father, Constantine the Great (r. 306–337). Na Hesychius of Miletus wrep say na Constantine build Hagia Sophia plus a wooden roof wey na he remove 427 (mostly pagan) statues from de site. Na de 12th-century chronicler Joannes Zonaras dey reconcile de two opinions, dey wrep say na Constantius make dem repair de edifice wey Eusebius of Nicomedia consecrate, after na e collapse. Since na Eusebius be de bishop of Constantinople from 339 to 341, wey na Constantine die insyd 337, e dey seem dat na dem erect de first church by Constantius.

View of de dome interior

De nearby Hagia Irene ("Holy Peace") church na dem plete am earlier wey e serve as cathedral til na dem plete de Great Church. Besides Hagia Irene, der be no record of major churches insyd de city-centre before de late 4th century. Rowland Mainstone argue say na dem no yet know de 4th-century church as Hagia Sophia.

Church of Theodosius II

Theodosian capital for a column, one of de few remains of de church of Theodosius II

Na dem order a second church for de site by Theodosius II (r. 402–450), wey na dem inaugurate am for 10 October 415. De Notitia Urbis Constantinopolitanae, a fifth-century list of monuments, dey name Hagia Sophia as Magna Ecclesia, 'Great Church', while de former cathedral Hagia Irene dem refer to am as Ecclesia Antiqua, 'Old Church'. For de time of Socrates of Constantinople around 440, "na both churches [be] enclosed by a single wall wey dem be served by de same clergy". Thus, na de complex go be encompassed a large area wey dey include de future site of de Hospital of Samson. If na de fire of 404 destroy de 4th-century main basilica church per, then dem fi build de 5th century Theodosian basilica wey be surrounded by a complex dem construct primarily during de fourth century.

Na a fire start during de tumult of de Nika Revolt, wich na e begin nearby insyd de Hippodrome of Constantinople, den de second Hagia Sophia be burnt to de ground on 13–14 January 532. Na de court historian Procopius wrep:

And by way of shewing that it was not against the Emperor alone that they [the rioters] had taken up arms, but no less against God himself, unholy wretches that they were, they had the hardihood to fire the Church of the Christians, which the people of Byzantium call "Sophia", an epithet which they have most appropriately invented for God, by which they call His temple; and God permitted them to accomplish this impiety, foreseeing into what an object of beauty this shrine was destined to be transformed. So the whole church at that time lay a charred mass of ruins.

— Procopius, De aedificiis, I.1.21–22

• Remains of de Theodosian Hagia Sophia
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  Column den capital plus a Greek cross
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  Porphyry column; column capital; impost block
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  Soffits den cornice
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  Theodosian capital
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  Theodosian capital give a pilaster, one of de few remains of de church of Theodosius II
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  Soffits

Church of Justinian I (current structure)

Originally a church, later a mosque, de 6th-century Hagia Sophia (532–537) by Byzantine emperor Justinian the Great na ebe de largest cathedral insyd de world for nearly a thousand years, til de completion of de Seville Cathedral (1507) insyd Spain.

Construction of church dem depict insyd codex Manasses Chronicle (14th century)

For 23 February 532, only a few weeks after de destruction of de second basilica, na Emperor Justinian I inaugurate de construction of a third den entirely different basilica, larger den more majestic dan ein predecessors. Na Justinian appoint two architects, mathematician Anthemius of Tralles den geometer den engineer Isidore of Miletus, make dem design de building.

Basket capitals den verd antique den marble columns. The basket capitals of de building be carved plus monograms of de names Justinian (Greek: ᾽Ιουστινιανός, romanized: Ioustinianós) and Thedora (Θεοδώρα, Theodṓra) and their imperial titles "βασιλεύς, basileús" and "αὐγούστα, augoústa".

Polychrome marble revetment for de wall of de gallery top

Detail of de verd column

De hexapterygon (six-winged angel) for de north-east pendentive (upper left), wey na ein face be discovered den then covered back by de Fossati brothers after restoration works insyd de 19th century. Na drm sanso uncover am insyd 2009 (annotations).

Mosque (1453–1935)

De mihrab dey locate insyd de apse wer de altar dem use take stand, dey point towards Mecca. Na dem bring in de two giant candlesticks wey dey flank de mihrab from Ottoman Hungary by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent.

Na Constantinople fall to de attacking Ottoman forces for 29 May 1453. Na Sultan Mehmed II enter de city wey he perform de Friday prayer den khutbah (sermon) insyd Hagia Sophia. Na de church ein priests den religious personnel continue dey perform Christian rites, prayers, den ceremonies til na dem be compelled make dem stop by de invaders. Wen Mehmed den ein entourage enter de church, he order say make dem convert am into a mosque immediately. One of de ʿulamāʾ (Islamic scholars) present climb onto de church ein ambo wey he recite de shahada ("Dere no god buh Allah, wey Muhammad be ein messenger"), thus dey mark de conversion of de church into a mosque. Na dem report say na Mehmed take a sword to a soldier wey try make he pry up one of de paving slabs of de Proconnesian marble floor.

Fountain (Şadırvan) for ritual ablutions

Renovation of 1847–1849

Calligraphy plus de name of de 4th Rashidun Caliph Ali, one of eight medallions dem add insyd de 19th century

Na de 19th-century restoration of de Hagia Sophia be ordered by Sultan Abdulmejid I (r. 1823–1861) wey dem plete am between 1847 den 1849 by eight hundred workers under de supervision of de Swiss-Italian architect brothers Gaspare den Giuseppe Fossati. Na de brothers consolidate de dome plus a restraining iron chain wey dem strengthen de vaults, wey dem straighten de columns, den revise de decoration of de exterior den de interior of de building. Na de mosaics insyd de upper gallery be exposed den cleaned, although na chaw be recovered "for protection against further damage".

Occupation of Istanbul (1918–1923)

RHS Georgios Averof enter de Golden Horn insyd 1919, during de Allied occupation of Constantinople, plus Hagia Sophia visible insyd de background (Lycourgos Kogevinas, National Historical Museum, Athens)

Insyd de aftermath of de defeat of de Ottoman Empire insyd World War I, na Constantinople be occupied by British, French, Italian, den Greek forces. For 19 January 1919, na de Greek Orthodox Christian military priest Eleftherios Noufrakis perform an unauthorized Divine Liturgy insyd de Hagia Sophia, de such instance per since de 1453 fall of Constantinople. Na dem hold de anti-occupation Sultanahmet demonstrations next to Hagia Sophia from March to May 1919. Insyd Greece, na dem issue de 500 drachma banknotes insyd 1923 feature Hagia Sophia.

Museum (1935–2020)

Hagia Sophia insyd 1937

MG08 for de minaret top of de Ayasofya Museum insyd Istanbul, Turkey (1941)

De interior dey undergo restoration insyd 2007

Gli, Hagia Sophia ein famous cat, insyd 2014

Reversion to mosque (2018–present)

• Gaspare Fossati ein Hagia Sophia (lithographs by Louis Haghe)
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  Main (western) façade of Hagia Sophia, dem dey see from courtyard of de madrasa of Mahmud I. Lithograph by Louis Haghe after Gaspard Fossati (1852).
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  South-eastern side, dem dey see from de Imperial Gate of de Topkapı Palace, plus de Fountain of Ahmed III for de left den de Sultan Ahmed Mosque insyd de distance. Lithograph by Louis Haghe after Gaspard Fossati (1852).
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  De imperial lodge (b 1850)
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  Gaspare Fossati ein 1852 depiction of de Hagia Sophia, after ein den ein bro dema renovation. Lithograph by Louis Haghe.
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  Nave before restoration, dey face east
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  Nave den apse after restoration, dey face east
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  Nave den entrance after restoration, dey face west
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  Narthex, dey face north
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  Exonarthex, dey face north
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  North aisle from de entrance, dey face east
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  North aisle, dey face west
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  Nave den south aisle from de north aisle
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  Northern gallery den entrance to de matroneum from de north-west
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  Southern gallery from de south-west
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  Southern gallery from de Marble Door dey face west
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  Southern gallery from de Marble Door dey face east

Oda burials

• Selim II (1524 – 15 December 1574)
• Murad III 1546–1595
• Mustafa I (c. 1600 – 20 January 1639), insyd de courtyard.
• Enrico Dandolo (c. 1107 – June 1205), insyd de east gallery.
• Gli (c. 2004 – 7 November 2020), insyd de garden.

Works wey de Hagia Sophia influence

Na de Church of Saint Sava insyd Belgrade be model after Hagia Sophia, wey dem use ein primary square den de size of ein dome

Interior of de Church of Saint Sava

Chaw buildings be modeled for de Hagia Sophia ein core structure of a large central dome wey dey rest for pendentives top den buttressed by two semi-domes.

Byzantine churches influence by de Hagia Sophia dey include de Hagia Sophia insyd Thessaloniki, den de Hagia Irene. Na de latter be remodeled make e get a dome similar to de Hagia Sophia during de reign of Justinian. Neo-Byzantine churches dem model for de Hagia Sophia dey include de Kronstadt Naval Cathedral, Holy Trinity Cathedral, Sibiu den Poti Cathedral. Each closely dey replicate de internal geometry of de Hagia Sophia. De layout of de Kronstadt Naval Cathedral be nearly identical to de Hagia Sophia in size den geometry. Ein marble revetment sanso dey mimic de style of De Hagia Sophia. De Catedral Metropolitana Ortodoxa insyd São Paulo den de Église du Saint-Esprit (Paris) both replace de two large tympanums beneath de main dome plus two shallow semi-domes. Chaw churches combine elements of de Hagia Sophia plus a Latin cross plan. For instance, de transept of de Cathedral Basilica of Saint Louis (St. Louis) be formed by two semi-domes wey dey surround de main dome. De church ein column capitals den mosaics sanso emulate de style of de Hagia Sophia. Oda examples dey include de Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia, St Sophia's Cathedral, London, Saint Clement Catholic Church, Chicago, den de Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception. Chaw mosques wey be commissioned by de Ottoman dynasty get plans wey base for de Hagia Sophia top, wey dey include de Süleymaniye Mosque den de Bayezid II Mosque.

Synagogues base for de Hagia Sophia dey include de Congregation Emanu-El (San Francisco), Great Synagogue of Florence, den Hurva Synagogue.

Gallery

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  Detail of de columns
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  Detail of de columns
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  Six patriarchs mosaic insyd de southern tympanum as de Fossati bros draw
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  Moasics as de Fossati bros draw
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  De Hagia Sophia insyd de background of an icon from de Monastery of Great Meteoron
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  Guillaume-Joseph Grelot ein engraving 1672, dey look east den dey show de apse mosaic
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  Guillaume-Joseph Grelot ein engraving 1672, wey dey look west
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  Interior of de Hagia Sophia by John Singer Sargent, 1891
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  Photograph by Sébah & Joaillier, c. 1900–1910
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  Watercolour of de interior by Philippe Chaperon, 1893
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  Detail of relief for de Marble Door top.
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  Imperial Gate from de nave
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  19th-century cenotaph of Enrico Dandolo, Doge of Venice, den commander of de 1204 Sack of Constantinople
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  Gate of de külliye, by John Frederick Lewis, 1838
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  Fountain of Ahmed III from de gate of de külliye, by John Frederick Lewis, 1838
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  Southern side of Hagia Sophia, wey dey look east, by John Frederick Lewis, 1838
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  From Verhandeling van de godsdienst der Mahometaanen, by Adriaan Reland, 1719
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  Interior of Haghia Sophia
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  Hagia Sophia from de south-west, 1914
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  Hagia Sophia insyd de snow, December 2015
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  Maschinengewehr 08 dem mount for a minaret top during World War II

References

Sources

• Boyran, Ebru; Fleet, Kate (2010). A social History of Ottoman Istanbul. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-19955-1.
• Brubaker, Leslie; Haldon, John (2011). Byzantium in the Iconoclast era (ca 680–850). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43093-7.
• Cameron, Averil (2009). Οι Βυζαντινοί (in Greek). Athens: Psychogios. ISBN 978-960-453-529-3.
• Hagia Sophia. Hagia Sophia Archived 19 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 23 September 2014.
• Heinle, Erwin; Schlaich, Jörg (1996). Kuppeln: aller Zeiten, aller Kulturen. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. ISBN 3-421-03062-6. OCLC 1126355641.
• Hoffman, Volker (1999). Die Hagia Sophia in Istanbul (in German). Bern: Lang. ISBN 978-3-906762-81-4.
• Janin, Raymond (1953). La Géographie Ecclésiastique de l'Empire Byzantin. 1. Part: Le Siège de Constantinople et le Patriarcat Oecuménique. 3rd Vol. : Les Églises et les Monastères. Paris: Institut Français d'Études Byzantines.
• Mainstone, Rowland J. (1997). Hagia Sophia: Architecture, Structure, and Liturgy of Justinian's Great Church (reprint ed.). W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 978-0-500-27945-8.
• Mamboury, Ernest (1953). The Tourists' Istanbul. Istanbul: Çituri Biraderler Basımevi.
• Meyendorff, John (1982). The Byzantine Legacy in the Orthodox Church. Yonkers: St Vladimir's Seminary Press. ISBN 978-0-913836-90-3.
• Müller-Wiener, Wolfgang (1977). Bildlexikon zur Topographie Istanbuls: Byzantion, Konstantinupolis, Istanbul bis zum Beginn d. 17 Jh (in German). Tübingen: Wasmuth. ISBN 978-3-8030-1022-3.
• Necipoĝlu, Gulru (2005). The Age of Sinan: Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire. London: Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-86189-244-7.
• Ronchey, Silvia; Braccini, Tommaso (2010). Il romanzo di Costantinopoli. Guida letteraria alla Roma d'Oriente (in Italian). Torino: Einaudi. ISBN 978-88-06-18921-1.
• Runciman, Steven (1965). The Fall of Constantinople Archived 27 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine, 1453. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 145. ISBN 0-521-39832-0.
• Savignac, David (2020). "The Medieval Russian Account of the Fourth Crusade – A New Annotated Translation" – via Academia.edu.
• Stroth, Fabian (2021). Monogrammkapitelle. Die justinianische Bauskulptur Konstantinopels als Textträger (in German). Wiesbaden: Reichert. ISBN 978-3-95490-272-9.
• Turner, J. (1996). Grove Dictionary of Art. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517068-9.

Read further

Sanso spy de thematically organised full bibliography insyd Stroth (2021), pp. 137–183.

• Balfour, John Patrick Douglas (1972). Hagia Sophia. W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-88225-014-4.
• Cimok, Fatih (2004). Hagia Sophia. Milet Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-975-7199-61-8.
• Doumato, Lamia (1980). The Byzantine church of Hagia Sophia: Selected references. Vance Bibliographies. ASIN B0006E2O2M.
• Goriansky, Lev Vladimir (1933). Haghia Sophia: analysis of the architecture, art and spirit behind the shrine in Constantinople dedicated to Hagia Sophia. American School of Philosophy. ASIN B0008C47EA.
• Glinavos, I. (2021). "Hagia Sophia at ICSID? The Limits of Sovereign Discretion". European Yearbook of International Economic Law. Vol. 12. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 253–273. doi:10.1007/8165_2021_78. ISBN 978-3-031-05082-4.
• Harris, Jonathan, Constantinople: Capital of Byzantium. Hambledon/Continuum (2007). ISBN 978-1-84725-179-4
• Howland Swift, Emerson (1937). The bronze doors of the gate of the horologium at Hagia Sophia. University of Chicago. ASIN B000889GIG.
• Kahler, Heinz (1967). Haghia Sophia. Praeger. ASIN B0008C47EA.
• Kinross, Lord (1972). "Hagia Sophia, Wonders of Man". Newsweek. ASIN B000K5QN9W.
• Kleinbauer, W. Eugene; Anthony White (2007). Hagia Sophia. London: Scala Publishers. ISBN 978-1-85759-308-2.
• Kleinbauer, W. Eugene (2000). Saint Sophia at Constantinople: Singulariter in Mundo (Monograph (Frederic Lindley Morgan Chair of Architectural Design), No. 5.). William L. Bauhan. ISBN 978-0-87233-123-5.
• Krautheimer, Richard (1984). Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-05294-7.
• Mainstone, R.J. (1997). Hagia Sophia: Architecture, Structure, and Liturgy of Justinian's Great Church. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-27945-8.
• Mainstone, Rowland J. (1988). Hagia Sophia. Architecture, structure and liturgy of Justinian's great church. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-34098-1.
• Mango, Cyril A.; Ahmed Ertuğ (1997). Hagia Sophia: A Vision for Empires. Istanbul: Ertuğ & Kocabiyik. OCLC 38949865.
• Mark, R.; Çakmaktitle, AS. (1992). Hagia Sophia from the Age of Justinian to the Present. Princeton Architectural. ISBN 978-1-878271-11-2.
• Nelson, Robert S. (2004). Hagia Sophia, 1850–1950: Holy Wisdom Modern Monument. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-57171-3.
• Özkul, T. A. (2007). Structural characteristics of Hagia Sophia: I-A finite element formulation for static analysis. Elsevier.
• Scharf, Joachim: "Der Kaiser in Proskynese. Bemerkungen zur Deutung des Kaisermosaiks im Narthex der Hagia Sophia von Konstantinopel". In: Festschrift Percy Ernst Schramm zu seinem siebzigsten Geburtstag von Schülern und Freunden zugeeignet, Wiesbaden 1964, pp. 27–35.
• Strube, Christine (1973). Polyeuktoskirche und Hagia Sophia. Umbildung und Auflösung antiker Formen, Entstehen des Kämpferkapitells. Verlag der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. ISBN 3-7696-0087-8.
• Swainson, Harold (2005). The Church of Sancta Sophia Constantinople: A Study of Byzantine Building. Boston, MA: Adamant Media Corporation. ISBN 978-1-4021-8345-4.
• Weitzmann, Kurt, ed., Age of spirituality: late antique and early Christian art, third to seventh century Archived 26 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine, no. 592, 1979, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, ISBN 978-0-87099-179-0
• Xydis, Stephen G. (1947). "The Chancel Barrier, Solea, and Ambo of Hagia Sophia". The Art Bulletin. 29 (1): 1–24. doi:10.2307/3047098. ISSN 0004-3079. JSTOR 3047098.
• Yucel, Erdem (2005). Hagia Sophia. Scala Publishers. ISBN 978-1-85759-250-4.

Articles

• Alchermes, Joseph D. (2005). "Art and Architecture in the Age of Justinian". In Maas, Michael (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian. Cambridge: Cambridge U.P. pp. 343–75. ISBN 978-0-521-52071-3.
• Atchison, Bob (2020). "History of Hagia Sophia – the Church of Holy Wisdom". My World of Byzantium.
• Bordewich, Fergus M., "A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia", Smithsonian magazine, December 2008
• Calian, Florian, The Hagia Sophia and Turkey's Neo-Ottomanism Archived 20 May 2022 at the Wayback Machine, Armenian Weekly.
• Osseman, Dick. "Aya Sofya Photo Gallery". Pbase.com.
• Ousterhout, Robert G. "Museum or Mosque? Istanbul's Hagia Sophia has been a monument to selective readings of history Archived 14 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine." History Today (Sept 2020).
• Suchkov, Maxim, Why did Moscow call Ankara's Hagia Sophia decision "Turkey's internal affair"? Archived 14 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Middle East Institute.

Mosaics

• Hagia Sophia, hagiasophia.com: Mosaics.
• MacDonald, William Lloyd (1951). The uncovering of Byzantine mosaics in Hagia Sophia. Archaeological Institute of America. ASIN B0007GZTKS.
• Mango, Cyril (1972). The mosaics of St. Sophia at Istanbul: The church fathers in the north Tympanum. Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. ASIN B0007CAVA0.
• Mango, Cyril (1968). The Apse mosaics of St. Sophia at Istanbul: Report on work carried out in 1964. Johnson Reprints. ASIN B0007G5RBY.
• Mango, Cyril; Heinz Kahler (1967). Hagia Sophia: With a Chapter on the Mosaics. Praeger. ASIN B0000CO5IL.
• Teteriatnikov, Natalia B. (1998). Mosaics of Hagia Sophia, Istanbul: The Fossati Restoration and the Work of the Byzantine Institute. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. ISBN 978-0-88402-264-0.
• Riccardi, Lorenzo (2012). Alcune riflessioni sul mosaico del vestibolo sud-ovest della Santa Sofia di Costantinopoli, in Vie per Bisanzio. VIII Congresso Nazionale dell'Associazione Italiana di Studi Bizantini (Venezia 25–28 novembre 2009), a cura di Antonio Rigo, Andrea Babuin e Michele Trizio. Bari: Edizioni di Pagina. pp. 357–71. ISBN 978-88-7470-229-9.
• Yücel, Erdem (1988). The mosaics of Hagia Sophia. Efe Turizm. ASIN B0007CBGYA.

External links

• Official website (insyd Turkish)
• 360 Degree Virtual Tour of Hagia Sophia Mosque Museum
• Gigapixel of Hagia Sophia Dome (214 Billion Pixel)
• Hagia Sophia Museum, Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Culture & Tourism
• The Most Visited Museums of Turkey: Hagia Sophia Museum, Governorship of Istanbul