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Haile Selassie

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Haile Selassie I
human
Ein sex anaa gendermale Edit
Ein country of citizenshipEthiopian Empire Edit
Name in native languageኃይለ፡ ሥላሴ Edit
Birth nameTäfäri መኮንን Edit
Name wey dem give amHaile Edit
Family nameSelassie Edit
Noble titleemperor, dejazmach, Ras, Negus Edit
Ein date of birth23 July 1892 Edit
Place dem born amEjersa Goro Edit
Date wey edie27 August 1975 Edit
Place wey edieAddis Ababa Edit
Manner of deathhomicide Edit
Cause of deathstrangling Edit
Place wey dem bury amHoly Trinity Cathedral Edit
Ein poppieMekonnen Welde Mikael Edit
MummieYeshimebet Ali Edit
SpouseMenen Asfaw Edit
FamilyHouse of Solomon Edit
Languages edey speak, rep anaa signAmharic, French Edit
Ein occupationpolitician, monarch Edit
Position eholdchairperson of the Organisation of African Unity, chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity, Emperor of Ethiopia, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Ethiopia Edit
ResidenceImperial Palace, Addis Ababa Edit
Religion anaa worldviewEthiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church Edit
Military or police rankgeneral Edit
Participated in conflictWorld War II, Second Italo-Ethiopian War Edit
AnthemMarche Tafari Edit
Replaced byMobutu Sese Seko Edit
Dey replaceJoseph Arthur Ankrah Edit
Dem nominate forNobel Peace Prize, Nobel Peace Prize Edit
Present in workCivilization V Edit
Manifestation ofJah Edit
Opposite ofOpposition to Haile Selassie Edit

Haile Selassie I (born Tafari Makonnen anaa Lij Tafari;[1] 23 July 1892 – 27 August 1975)[2] na he be Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974. Na he rise to power as de Regent Plenipotentiary of Ethiopia (Enderase) under Empress Zewditu between 1916 den 1930. Dem widely consider am he be a defining figure insyd modern Ethiopian history, na he be accorded divine importance insyd Rastafari, an Abrahamic religion wey emerge insyd de 1930s. A few years before na he begin ein reign over de Ethiopian Empire, na Selassie defeat Ethiopian army commander Ras Gugsa Welle Bitul, nephew of Empress Taytu Betul, at de Battle of Anchem.[3][4] Na he belong to de Solomonic dynasty, wey be founded by Emperor Yekuno Amlak insyd 1270.

Selassie, wey dey seek make he modernise Ethiopia, introduce political den social reforms wey dey include de 1931 constitution den de abolition of slavery insyd 1942. Na he lead de empire during de Second Italo-Ethiopian War, den after ein defeat na dem exile am to de United Kingdom. Wen na de Italian occupation of East Africa begin, he travel to Anglo-Egyptian Sudan make he coordinate de Ethiopian struggle against Fascist Italy; na he return home after de East African campaign of World War II. Na he dissolve de Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea, dem establish by de United Nations General Assembly insyd 1950, wey he annex Eritrea as one of Ethiopia ein provinces, while he sanso dey fight make he prevent Eritrean secession.[5] As an internationalist, na Selassie lead Ethiopia ein accession to de United Nations.[6] Insyd 1963, na he preside over de formation of de Organisation of African Unity, de precursor of de African Union, wey he serve as ein first chairmo. By de early 1960s, na prominent African socialists such as Kwame Nkrumah envision de creation of a "United States of Africa". Na dema rhetoric be anti-Western; na Selassie see dis as a threat to ein alliances. Na he attempt make he influence a more moderate posture within de group.[7]

Amidst popular uprisings, na dem overthrow Selassie by de Derg insyd de 1974 Ethiopian coup d'état. Plus support from de Soviet Union, na de Derg begin dey govern Ethiopia as a Marxist–Leninist state. Insyd 1994, three years after de fall of de Derg military junta, na dem reveal to de public say na de Derg assassinate Selassie at de Jubilee Palace insyd Addis Ababa on 27 August 1975.[8][9] On 5 November 2000, na dem bury ein excavated remains at de Holy Trinity Cathedral of Addis Ababa.

Among adherents of Rastafari, dem dey bell Selassie de returned Jesus, although na he be an adherent of de Ethiopian Orthodox Church einself.[10][11] Na dem criticise am for ein suppression of rebellions among de landed aristocracy (Mesafint), wich consistently oppose ein changes. Na odas criticise Ethiopia ein failure to modernise rapidly enough.[12][13] During ein reign, na de Harari people be persecuted wey chaw lef dema homes.[14][15][16] Na dem criticize ein administration as autocratic den illiberal by groups such as Human Rights Watch.[13][17] According to sam sources, late into Selassie ein administration,[18][19][20] na dem ban de Oromo language from education, public speaking den use insyd administration, though na der never be a law wey criminalise any language.[21][22][23] Na ein government relocate chaw Amhara people into southern Ethiopia.[24][25][26] Following de death of Ethiopian civil rights activist Hachalu Hundessa insyd 2020, na dem destroy ein bust insyd de United Kingdom by Oromo protesters, wey na dem komot an equestrian monument wey dey depict ein poppie from Harar.[27][28][29]

Name

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Na dem know Haile Selassie as a kiddie as Lij Tafari Makonnen (Ge'ez: ልጅ ተፈሪ መኮንን, romanized: Ləj Täfäri Mäkonnən). Lij be translated as "kiddies" wey e dey serve to indicate say a youth be of noble blood. Na ein given name Tafari dey mean "one wey be respected anaa feared". Like chaw Ethiopians, ein personal name "Tafari" be followed by dat of ein poppie Makonnen den dat of ein grandpoppie Woldemikael. Na ein name Haile Selassie be given to am at ein infant baptism wey he san adopt as part of ein regnal name insyd 1930.[30]

On 1 November 1905, at de age of 13, na Tafari be appointed by ein poppie as de Dejazmatch of Gara Mulatta (a region sam twenty miles southwest of Harar).[31] De literal translation of Dejazmatch be "keeper of de door"; e be a title of nobility equivalent to a count.[32] On 27 September 1916, na dem proclaime am Crown Prince den heir apparent to de throne (Alga Worrach),[33][34] wey dem appoint am Regent Plenipotentiary (Balemulu Silt'an Enderase).[33][35] On 11 February 1917, na dem crown am Le'ul-Ras[36] wey he cam be known as Ras Tafari Makonnen listenⓘ. Ras be translated as "head"[34][37] wey ebe a rank of nobility equivalent to a duke,[34] though dem often render am insyd translation as "prince". Originally de title Le'ul, wich dey mean "Your Highness", na dem only ever use am as a form of address;[38] however, insyd 1916 na de title Le'ul-Ras replace de senior office of Ras Bitwoded den so e cam be de equivalent of a royal duke.[39][40] Insyd 1928, na Empress Zewditu plan on granting am de throne of Shewa; na however, at de last moment opposition from certain provincial rulers cause a change den ein title Negus anaa "King" be conferred widout geographical qualification anaa definition.[41][42]

On 2 November 1930, after de death of Empress Zewditu, na dem crown Tafari Negusa Nagast, literally "King of Kings", dem render insyd English as "Emperor".[43] Upon ein ascension, na he take as ein regnal name Haile Selassie I. Haile dey mean insyd Ge'ez "Power of" den Selassie dey mean trinity – Haile Selassie roughly dey translate to "Power of de Trinity". Na Selassie ein full title insyd office be "By de Conquering Lion of de Tribe of Judah, His Imperial Majesty Haile Selassie I, King of Kings of Ethiopia, Lord of Lords, Elect of God".[36][38][44][45][46] Na dis title dey reflect Ethiopian dynastic traditions, wich hold that all monarchs for trace dema lineage to Menelik I, wey be described by de Kebra Nagast (a 14th-century CE national epic) as de son of de tenth-century BCE King Solomon den de Queen of Sheba.[47]

To Ethiopians, na Selassie be known by chaw names, wey dey include Janhoy ("His Majesty") Talaqu Meri ("Great Leader") den Abba Tekel ("Father of Tekel", ein horse name).[48] De Rastafari movement dey employ chaw of dese appellations, dem sanso dey refer to am as Jah, Jah Jah, Jah Rastafari, den HIM (de abbreviation of "His Imperial Majesty").[48]

Early life

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  • Then Tafari Makonnen wey dey wear a warrior ein dress
    Then Tafari Makonnen wey dey wear a warrior ein dress
  • Ras Makonnen Woldemikael den ein son Lij Tafari Makonnen
    Ras Makonnen Woldemikael den ein son Lij Tafari Makonnen

Na Tafari ein royal line (thru ein paternal grandmommie) descend from de Shewan Amhara Solomonic king, Sahle Selassie.[49] Na dem born am on 23 July 1892, insyd de village of Ejersa Goro, insyd de Hararghe province of Ethiopia. Na Tafari ein mommie, Woizero ("Lady") Yeshimebet Ali Abba Jifar, be paternally of Oromo descent den maternally of Silte heritage, while na ein poppie, Ras Makonnen Wolde Mikael, be maternally of Amhara descent buh ein paternal lineage remain disputed.[50][51][52] Na Tafari ein paternal grandpoppie belong to a noble family wey komot Shewa wey na he be de governor of de districts of Menz den Doba, wich dey locate insyd Semien Shewa.[53] Na Tafari ein mommie be de daughter of a ruling chief wey komot Were Ilu insyd Wollo province, Dejazmach Ali Abba Jifar.[54] Na Ras Makonnen be de grandson of King Sahle Selassie wey na once be de ruler of Shewa. Na he serve as a general insyd de First Italo–Ethiopian War, wey dey play a key role at de Battle of Adwa;[54] na Selassie thus be able to ascend to de imperial throne thru ein paternal grandmommie, Woizero Tenagnework Sahle Selassie, wey na be an aunt of Emperor Menelik II den daughter of de Solomonic Amhara King of Shewa, Negus Sahle Selassie. As such, na Selassie claim direct descent from Makeda, de Queen of Sheba, den King Solomon of ancient Israel.[55]

Na Ras Makonnen arrange for Tafari as well as ein first cousin, Imru Haile Selassie, to receive instruction insyd Harar wey komot Abba Samuel Wolde Kahin, an Ethiopian Capuchin friar, den wey komot Dr. Vitalien, a surgeon wey komot Guadeloupe. Na dem name Tafari Dejazmach (literally "commander of de gate", roughly equivalent to "count")[56] at de age of 13, on 1 November 1905.[57][31] Shortly thereafter, na ein poppie Makonnen die at Kulibi, insyd 1906.[58]

Governorship

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Dejazmatch Tafari, as governor of Harar

Na Tafari assume de titular governorship of Selale insyd 1906, a realm of marginal importance,[59] buh one wey enable am to continue ein studies.[57] Insyd 1907, na dem appoint governor over part of de province of Sidamo. Na ebe alleged dat during ein late teens, na Selassie marry Woizero Altayech, den dat from dis union, na ein daughter Princess Romanework be born.[60]

Dey follow de death of ein bro Yelma insyd 1907, na dem lef de governorate of Harar vacant,[59] wey na dem lef ein administration to Menelik ein loyal general, Dejazmach Balcha Safo. Na Balcha Safo ein administration of Harar be ineffective, den so during de last illness of Menelik II, den de brief reign of Empress Taytu Betul, na dem make Tafari governor of Harar insyd 1910 anaa 1911.[61][60]

Marriage

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Togeda plus ein wifey, Empress Menen Asfaw, 1955

On 3 August 1911, na Tafari marry Menen Asfaw of Ambassel, niece of de heir to de throne Lij Iyasu. Na Menen Asfaw be 22 years old while na Tafari be 19 years of age. Na Menen already marry two previous noblemen, while na Tafari get one previous wifey den one kiddie. Na de marriage between Menen Asfaw den Selassie last for 50 years. Although possibly a political match dem design make dem create peace between Ethiopian nobles, na de couple dema family say na dem marry plus mutual consent. Na Selassie describe ein spouse as a "woman widout any malice whatsoever".[62]

Regency

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Na de extent to wich Tafari Makonnen contribute to de movement wey go cam depose Lij Iyasu na dem discuss am extensively, particularly insyd Selassie ein own detailed account of de matter. Na Iyasu be de designated buh uncrowned emperor of Ethiopia from 1913 to 1916. Na Iyasu ein reputation for scandalous behavior den a disrespectful attitude towards de nobles at de court of ein grandpoppie, Menelik II,[63] damage ein reputation. Na Iyasu flirtation plus Islam be considered treasonous among de Ethiopian Orthodox Christian leadership of de empire. On 27 September 1916, na dem depose Iyasu.[64]

Contributing to de movement wey na dem depose Iyasu be conservatives such as Fitawrari Habte Giyorgis, Menelik II ein longtime Minister of War. Na de movement to depose Iyasu prefer Tafari, as na he attract support from both progressive den conservative factions. Ultimately, na dem depose Iyasu on de grounds of conversion to Islam.[65][64] Insyd ein place, na dem name de daughter of Menelik II (de aunt of Iyasu) Empress Zewditu, while na dem elevate Tafari to de rank of Ras wey na dem make am heir apparent den Crown Prince. Insyd de power arrangement wey follow, Tafari accept de role of Regent Plenipotentiary (Balemulu 'Inderase) wey he cam be de de facto ruler of de Ethiopian Empire (Mangista Ityop'p'ya). Na Zewditu go govern while Tafari go administer.[66]

Travel abroad

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Plus King George V at Buckingham Palace, 1924

Insys 1924, na Ras Tafari tour Europe den de Middle East wey he visit Jerusalem, Alexandria, Paris, Luxembourg, Brussels, Amsterdam, Stockholm, London, Geneva, Gibraltar den Athens. Na plus am on ein tour be a group wey include Ras Seyum Mangasha of western Tigray Province; Ras Hailu Tekle Haymanot of Gojjam province; Ras Mulugeta Yeggazu of Illubabor Province; Ras Makonnen Endelkachew; den Blattengeta Heruy Welde Selassie. Na de primary goal of de trip to Europe be for Ethiopia make e gain access to de sea. Insyd Paris, na Tafari for find out from de French Foreign Ministry (Quai d'Orsay) say na dem no go realise dis goal.[67] However, failing dis, na he den ein retinue inspect schools, hospitals, factories, den churches. Although dey pattern chaw reforms after European models, na Tafari remain wary of European pressure. To guard against economic imperialism, na Tafari require say all enterprises get at least partial local ownership.[68] Of ein modernisation campaign, na he remark, "We dey hia European progress only secof we be surrounded by am. Dat be at once a benefit den a misfortune."[69]

Thru out Tafari ein travels insyd Europe, de Levant, den Egypt, na he den ein entourage be greeted plus enthusiasm den fascination. Na Seyum Mangasha accompany am den Hailu Tekle Haymanot wey, like Tafari, dem be sons of generals wey contribute to de victorious war against Italy a quarter-century earlier at de Battle of Adwa.[70] Na anoda member of ein entourage, Mulugeta Yeggazu, actually fight at Adwa as a young man. De "Oriental Dignity" of de Ethiopians[71] den dema "rich, picturesque court dress"[72] na dem be sensationalised insyd de media; among ein entourage na he even include a pride of lions, wich he distribute as gifts to Presido Alexandre Millerand den Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré of France, to King George V of de United Kingdom, den to de Zoological Garden (Jardin Zoologique) of Paris, France.[70] As na one historian note, "Rarely wey a tour fi inspire chaw anecdotes".[70] In return for two lions, na de United Kingdom present Tafari plus de imperial crown of Emperor Tewodros II for ein safe return to Empress Zewditu. Na de crown be taken by General Sir Robert Napier during de 1868 Expedition to Abyssinia.[73]

Insyd dis period, na de Crown Prince visit de Armenian monastery of Jerusalem. Der, na he adopt 40 Armenian orphans (አርባ ልጆች Arba Lijoch, "forty kiddies"), wey na dem lost dema parents during de Armenian Genocide. Na Tafari arrange for de musical education of de youths, wey na dem cam form de imperial brass band.[74]

Reign

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King den Emperor

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Na Tafari ein authority be challenged insyd 1928 wen Dejazmach Balcha Safo go to Addis Ababa plus a sizeable armed force. Wen na Tafari consolidate ein hold over de provinces, na chaw of Menelik ein appointees refuse to abide by de new regulations. Balcha Safo, na de governor (Shum) of coffee-rich Sidamo Province, particularly be troublesome. Na de revenues he remit to de central government no reflect de accrued profits wey Tafari recall am to Addis Ababa. Na de old man cam insyd high dudgeon den, insultingly, plus a large army.Na de Dejazmatch pay homage to Empress Zewditu, buh na he snub Tafari.[75][76] On 18 February, while na Balcha Safo den ein personal bodyguard dey insyd Addis Ababa, na Tafari make Ras Kassa Haile Darge buy off Balcha Safo ein army, wey he arrange make dem replace am as Shum of Sidamo Province[77] by Birru Wolde Gabriel – wey na he einself be replaced by Desta Damtew.[78]

Official coronation painting by Beatrice Playne c. 1950s
Cover of Time magazine, 3 November 1930

Conflict plus Italy

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Ethiopia cam be de target of renewed Italian imperialist designs insyd de 1930s. Na Benito Mussolini ein Fascist regime be keen make dem avenge de military defeats wey Italy suffer to Ethiopia insyd de First Italo-Abyssinian War, den to efface de failed attempt by "liberal" Italy make dem conquer de country, as epitomised by de defeat at Adwa.[79][80][81] Na a conquest of Ethiopia sanso fi empower de cause of fascism den embolden ein empire ein rhetoric.[81] Na Ethiopia sanso go provide a bridge between Italy ein Eritrean den Italian Somaliland possessions. Na Ethiopia ein position insyd de League of Nations no dissuade de Italians from invading insyd 1935; de "collective security" envisage by de League prove useless, wey na a scandal erupt wen de Hoare–Laval Pact reveal dat na Ethiopia ein League allies dey scheme make dem appease Italy.[82]

Mobilisation

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Dey follow de Welwel Incident of 5 December 1934, na Selassie join ein northern armies wey dem set up headquarters at Desse insyd Wollo province. Na he issue a generalized mobilization order on 3 October 1935. On 19 October 1935, na he give more precise orders for ein army to ein Commander-in-Chief, Ras Kassa, wey dey instruct de men to choose hidden positions, to conserve ammunition, den to avoid wearing conspicuous clothing for fear of air attack.[83] Compared to de Ethiopians, na de Italians get an advanced, modern military wey include a large air force. De Italians sanso cam to employ chemical weapons thru out de conflict, even dem dey target Red Cross field hospitals.[84]

Progress of de war

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Dey start insyd early October 1935, na de Italians invade Ethiopia. Buh, by November, na de pace of invasion slow appreciably, wey na Selassie ein northern armies be able to launch wat na be known as de "Christmas Offensive".[85] During dis offensive, na de Italians be forced back insyd places wey dem put on de defensive. Insyd early 1936, na de First Battle of Tembien stop de progress of de Ethiopian offensive wey na de Italians be ready make dem continue dema offensive. Dey follow de defeat den destruction of de northern Ethiopian armies at de Battle of Amba Aradam, de Second Battle of Tembien, den de Battle of Shire, na Selassie take de field plus de last Ethiopian army on de northern front. On 31 March 1936, na he launch a counterattack against de Italians einself at de Battle of Maychew insyd southern Tigray. Na dem defeat de Emperor ein army wey na dem retreat insyd disarray. As na ein army withdraw, de Italians attack from de air along plus rebellious Raya den Azebo tribesmen on de ground, wey na dem be armed den paid by de Italians.[86][87][88] Na chaw of de Ethiopian military be obsolete compared to de invading Italian forces, wey mostly be untrained wey dem dey possess non-modern rifles den weaponry.[89][90][91][92]

Exile debate

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De Emperor arrive insyd Jerusalem, May 1936.

After further debate as to whether Selassie for go to Gore anaa accompany ein family into exile, na dem agree dat he for lef Ethiopia plus ein family den present de case of Ethiopia to de League of Nations at Geneva. Na de decision no be unanimous wey chaw participants, wey dey include de nobleman Blatta Tekle Wolde Hawariat, strenuously object to de idea of an Ethiopian monarch fleeing before an invading force.[93] Na Selassie appoint ein cousin Ras Imru Haile Selassie as Prince Regent for ein absence, wey he depart plus ein family for French Somaliland on 2 May 1936.[94]

Collective security den de League of Nations, 1936

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At de League of Nations wey he dey appeal Italy ein invasion insyd 1936

On 12 May 1936, na de League of Nations allow Selassie make he address de assembly. In response, na Italy withdraw ein League delegation.[95] Although he be fluent insyd French, na Selassie choose make he deliver ein speech insyd ein native Amharic. Na he assert dat na Italy dey employ chemical weapons on military den civilian targets alike.[96]

Exile

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Na Fairfield House, Bath, be Selassie ein residence for five years during de Second Italo-Ethiopian War den parts of World War II

Na Selassie spend ein exile years (1936–1941) insyd Bath, England, insyd Fairfield House, wich na he buy. Na de Emperor den Kassa Haile Darge take morning walks togeda behind de 14-room Victorian house ein high walls. Na ein favorite reading be "diplomatic history". Na ebe during ein exile insyd England wey na he begin dey wrep ein 90,000-word autobiography.[97]

Haile Selassie plus Brigadier Daniel Sandford (left) den Colonel Wingate (right) insyd Dambacha Fort, after ein capture, 15 April 1941

Na Selassie ein activity insyd dis period dey focus on countering Italian propaganda as to de Ethiopian resistance den de legality of de occupation.[98] Na he speak out against de desecration of houses of worship den historical artifacts, wey dey include de theft of a 1,600-year-old imperial obelisk, wey na he condemn de atrocities wey de Ethiopian civilian population suffer.[99] Na he continue dey plead for League intervention den to voice ein certainty dat "God ein judgment go eventually visit de weak den de mighty alike",[100] though na ein attempts to gain support for de struggle against Italy be largely unsuccessful til Italy enter World War II on de German side insyd June 1940.[101]

Restoration

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World War II den return

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Insyd 1942

British forces, wich consist primarily of Ethiopian-backed African den South African colonial troops under de "Gideon Force" of Colonel Orde Wingate, coordinate de military effort to liberate Ethiopia. Na Selassie issue chaw imperial proclamations insyd dis period, wey dey demonstrate dat British military fi den de Emperor ein popular appeal fi be joined insyd de concerted effort to liberate Ethiopia.[101]

Postwar

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After World War II, na Ethiopia cam be a charter member of de United Nations. Insyd 1948, na de Ogaden, a region disputed plus both Italian Somaliland den British Somaliland, na ebe granted to Ethiopia.[102] After de war, na dem strip of all ein overseas possessions. On 2 December 1950, na de UN General Assembly adopt Resolution 390 (V), wich cede de former Italian colony dem know as de federation of Eritrea to de Ethiopian Empire. Na Eritrea for get ein own constitution, wich go provide for ethnic, linguistic, den cultural balance, while na Ethiopia for manage ein finances, defense, den foreign policy.[103]

Second constitutional period

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During de celebrations of ein Silver Jubilee insyd November 1955, Selassie introduce a revised constitution,[104] wer by he retain effective power, while extending political participation to de people by allowing de lower house of parliament to become an elected body. Na dem no provide for party politics. Na modern educational methods be more widely spread thru out de Empire..[105][106][107]

1958 famine of Tigray

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Insyd de summer of 1958, na a widespread famine insyd de Tigray province of northern Ethiopia be already two years old yet na people insyd Addis Ababa hardly know anything about am. Wen na significant reports of death finally reach de Ministry of Interior insyd September 1959 de central government immediately disclose de information to de public wey dem begin dey biz for contributions. Na de Emperor personally donate 2,000 tons of relief grain, na de U.S. send 32,000 tons, wich na be distributed between Eritrea den Tigray, wey na dem raise money for aid thru out de country buh na ebe estimated dat na approximately 100,000 people die before de crisis end insyd August 1961. Na dem attribute de causes of de famine to drought, locusts, hailstone den epidemics of small-pox, typhus, measles den malaria..[108][109][110]

Attempted coup den era of decolonization

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Na Selassie contribute Ethiopian troops to de United Nations Operation insyd de Congo peacekeeping force during de 1960 Congo Crisis, per United Nations Security Council Resolution 143.

Eritrean annexation den uprising

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Na a UN plebiscite vote to have Eritrea federated plus Ethiopia, dem later stipulate on 2 December 1950 insyd resolution 390 (V). Eritrea go get ein own parliament den administration wey e go be represented insyd wat na be de Ethiopian parliament wey go cam be de federal parliament.[111] Na Selassie reject European attempts to draft a separate constitution under wich Eritrea go be governed, wey na he want ein own 1955 constitution wey dey protect families to apply insyd both Ethiopia den Eritrea. Insyd 1961 na de 30-year Eritrean War for Independence begin, followed by de dissolution of de federation den shutting down of Eritrea ein parliament.[112][113]

Plus Egyptian presido Gamal Abdel Nasser insyd Addis Abeba for de Organisation of African Unity summit, 1963

Insyd September 1961, na Selassie attend de Summit Conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Movement insyd Belgrade, FPR Yugoslavia. Na dem consider dis e be de founding conference of de Non-Aligned Movement.[114]

Reform efforts den relations plus de West

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On 4 October 1963, na Selassie address de General Assembly of de United Nations.[115][116][117]

At de state funeral of John F. Kennedy, 25 November 1963

On 25 November 1963, na de Emperor travel to Washington, D.C., wey na he attend de state funeral of U.S. presido John F. Kennedy dem assassinate Na he be de African head of state per wey attend de funeral.[118] In addition, na he be de one of de three prominent world leaders wey go have anoda meeting plus de new presido, Lyndon B. Johnson, insyd Washington during ein presidency; na he san meet Johnson during an informal visit to de United States insyd 1967.[119][120][121]

Selassie plus Queen Elizabeth II insyd Addis Ababa on ein 1965 state visit to Ethiopia

Later reign

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As de 1970s begin, in contrast to chaw monarchs at de era, na Selassie ein political influence continue to be of great significance; na dem say he utilize as many as four spy agencies, all wich concurrently spy on each oda as well as civilian den military circles of de nation. Na he be de person per wey know de 'true' scope of things insyd Ethiopia.[122]

Foreign relations

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As dese issues begin dey pile up, na Selassie lef much of domestic governance to Aklilu Habte-Wold wey na he concentrate more on foreign affairs. Over de previous two decades, na Ethiopia receive over 400 million dollars insyd aid, na 140 million of dat be for de Ethiopian military, den 240 million for economic assistance.[123]

Outsyd Ethiopia, na Selassie continue to enjoy enormous prestige den respect. As de longest-serving head of state insyd power, na dem often give am precedence over oda leaders at state events, such as de state funerals of John F. Kennedy den Charles de Gaulle, de summits of de Non-Aligned Movement, den de 1971 celebration of de 2,500 years of de Persian Empire.[124][125]

Wollo famine

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Famine - insyd Wollo, north-eastern Ethiopia, as well as insyd sam parts of Tigray - dem estimate na e kill 40,000 to 80,000 Ethiopians between 1972 den 1974.[13][126] Na sam reports suggest dat na de Emperor be unaware of de famine ein extent,[127][128][129] while na odas assert dat na he be well aware of am.[130][131] Na de famine den ein image insyd de media undermine de government ein popular support, wey na ein once unassailable popularity decline.[132]

De Ethiopian revolution

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Insyd February 1974, na four days of serious riots insyd Addis Ababa against sudden economic inflation lef five dead. Na de Emperor respond by announcing on national television a reduction insyd petrol prices den a freeze on de cost of basic commodities. Na dis calm de public, buh na de promised 33% military wage hike no be substantial enough to pacify de army, wich then mutiny, dey begin insyd Asmara den dey spread thru out de empire. Na dis mutiny lead to de resignation of Aklilu Habte-Wold as prime minister on 27 February 1974.[133] Na Selassie san go on television make he agree to de army dema demands for still greater pay, wey na he name Endelkachew Makonnen as de new prime minister.[134][135] Despite Endalkatchew ein chaw concessions, discontent continue insyd March plus a four-day general strike wey paralyze de nation.[136] Insyd April, na protests by Ethiopian Muslims break out in response to discrimination perpetrated by de regime, plus approximately 100,000 individuals participate.[137]

Imprisonment

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De Derg, a clique of junior officers den enlisted men, set up insyd June make dem investigate de military dema demands, take advantage of de government ein disarray to depose de 82-year-old Selassie on 12 September.[138] Na General Aman Mikael Andom, a Protestant of Eritrean origin,[133] serve briefly as provisional head of state pending de return of Crown Prince Asfa Wossen, wey na then he dey receive medical treatment abroad. Na Selassie be imprisoned briefly at de 4th Army Division insyd Addis Ababa[133] before dem move am back to de Grand Palace wer na de Emperor spend de last months of ein life under house arrest.[12]

Dey follow de 1974 coup d'état, na chaw of de Ethiopian royal family flee de country, na dem be imprisoned, anaa dem be executed.

Execution den cover-up

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On 27 August 1975, na dem murder Selassie on de orders of de Derg regime, a fact wey na e for remain undiscovered for anoda twenty years. On 28 August 1975, na state media report dat Selassie die on 27 August of "respiratory failure" dey follow complications from a prostate examination followed up by a prostate operation.[139] Na Dr. Asrat Woldeyes deny dat complications occurr wey na he reject de government version of ein death. Na de prostate operation in question apparently take place months before de state media claim, wey na Selassie apparently enjoy strong health insyd ein last days.[140]

Funeral den veneration

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Na de Soviet-backed People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, de Derg ein successor, fall insyd 1991. Insyd 1992, na dem find Selassie ein bones under a concrete slab on de palace grounds.[141][142] Na Selassie ein coffin rest insyd Bhata Church for nearly a decade, near ein great-uncle Menelik II ein resting place.[143] On 5 November 2000, na de Holy Trinity Cathedral insyd Addis Ababa give am a funeral, buh na de government refuse calls to declare de ceremony an official imperial funeral.[144] Dis fi be secof de government ein reluctance to endorse anaa give even subtle political recognition to Royalists.[143][145][146]

Rastafari reaction

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Na prominent Rastafari figures such as Rita Marley participate insyd de funeral, buh na chaw Rastafari reject de event wey na dem refuse to accept say de bones be Selassie ein remains. Der be sam debate within de Rastafari movement as to whether he actually die insyd 1975.[147]

Rastafari messiah

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Dem dey worship Selassie as God incarnate[148][149] among sam followers of de Rastafari movement (taken from Selassie ein pre-imperial name Ras - dey mean Head, a title equivalent to Duke - Tafari Makonnen), wich na emerge insyd Jamaica during de 1930s. He be viewed as de messiah wey go lead de peoples of Africa den de African diaspora to freedom.[150] Ein official titles be Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah den King of Kings of Ethiopia, Lord of Lords and Elect of God, wey na dem think ein lineage be from Solomon den Sheba.[151] Dese notions be perceived by Rastafari as confirmation of de return of de messiah insyd de Book of Revelation. Na Rastafari faith insyd de divinity of Selassie[152][153] begin after news reports of ein coronation reach Jamaica,[154] particularly via de two Time magazine articles on de coronation before den after de event. Na Selassie ein own perspectives permeate de philosophy of de movement.[154][155]

Insyd 1961, na de Jamaican government send a delegation of both Rastafari den non-Rastafari leaders to Ethiopia make dem discuss repatriation plus de Emperor. Na he tell de Rastafari delegation "Tell de Brethren make dem no be dismayed, I personally go give my assistance insyd de matter of repatriation."[156]

Haile Selassie pictured insyd 1935, during de same period wer na Rastafarian worship emerge

Selassie ein position

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Insyd a 1967 interview plus de CBC ein Bill McNeil, na Selassie deny ein alleged divinity.[157] For chaw Rastafari, de CBC interview no be interpreted as a denial. According to Robert Earl Hood, na Selassie neither deny nor affirm ein divinity.[158][159][160]

After ein return to Ethiopia, na Selassie dispatch Archbishop Abuna Yesehaq Mandefro to de Caribbean. According to Yesehaq, na dis be make e help draw Rastafari den oda West Indians to de Ethiopian church.[161][162] Na sam sources dey suggest dat certain islanders den dema leaders dey resent de services of dema former colonial churches, den vocalise dema interest of establishing de Ethiopian church insyd de Caribbean.[163]

Insyd 1969, na Manley visit de Emperor at ein palace insyd Addis Ababa before ein election as prime minister of Jamaica insyd 1972. Na Selassie speak about ein 1966 visit to Jamaica wey na he tell Manley say, though na he be confused by de Rastafarians dema beliefs, he respect dem.[164]

Residences den finance

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Na de Jubilee Palace serve as de residence of Selassie since 1955

Insyd 1974, na Ethiopian media during de revolution claim na de Emperor get a net worth of 11 billion dollars.[165] However, records dey indicate say na Selassie ein entire net worth be just £22,000.00 as late as 1959.[166] Na he sanso be accused by de Derg he hoard millions insyd Swiss banks, wey na dem dey claim Selassie illegally acquire de money from exploiting de Ethiopian people.[167]

De Jubilee Palace, dem build insyd 1955, serve as de official residence of de head of state of Ethiopian Empire from 1955 to 1974. De Palace dey tap on 11,450 square metres (123,200 sq ft) insyd de center of Addis Ababa, de capital of Ethiopia since 1889.[168] De Palace ein estimated initial construction cost den ein value today be undisclosed, buh secof ein size, location den historical importance, ein value go be insyd de hundreds of millions of dollars.[169]

Na Selassie own a large fleet of cars wey dey include ones dem gift to am during overseas visits, wich fi be worth millions of dollars.[170] In addition, na a battle take place over a decade wey dey regard ein Patek Phillipe watch, wich na ebe initially offered insyd a Christie ein auction plus an estimated value of over $1 million.[171] However, after de feud end, na dem withdraw de watch from de auction.[172][173]

Ein life matter

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Visual, performing, den literary arts

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Insyd ein private life, na Selassie advocate de growth of Ethiopian art. Na he believe say na arts fi 'rebuild' de country. Na he be interested insyd a modern outlook towards traditional Ethiopian arts, wey dey include those of de Ethiopian Orthodox Church. Na he address Afewerk Tekle, an Ethiopian laureate, wen na he lef for Europe to gain skills to improve Ethiopian art. Later, na Tekle create multiple artworks wey dey put Ethiopian life on display.[174] Na Selassie create an art program wich enrol chaw artists, wey dey include Agegnehu Engida. Na he give a scholarship to Ale Felege Selam. Selassie travel regularly to Bishoftu make he see displays of paintings by Ethiopian artists such as Lemma Guya. Na Selassie be impressed by Guya ein paintings of Ethiopian military aircraft. Na Guya later join de Airforce buh he continue to paint plus Selassie ein support.[175][176][177]

Dey award Abebe Bikila de Order of the Star of Ethiopia, 1960, after he win de Olympic Gold Medal

Na Selassie commission de opening of Ethiopia ein first Hager Fikir Theater House insyd 1935 den de National Theatre insyd Addis Ababa insyd 1955.[178]

Sports

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During ein reign, na Selassie expand international Ethiopian sports, wey dey include de Ethiopian Football Federation den Ethiopian national basketball team. Na he award Ethiopia de AFCON award wen na e win ein first title.[179] Na he support Ethiopia insyd de 1960 Olympics wey he give Olympian Abebe Bikila plus chaw national awards such as de Star of Ethiopia den de Order of Menelik II. Na he support oda Ethiopian athletes, such as Mamo Wolde, by writing personal letters to dem.[180][181]

Religion

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He plus Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria

Na Selassie be an adherent of de Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. Na dem raise am he dey follow Ethiopia ein traditional Christian background. Na dem born am Tafari Makonnen; after ein coronation, na he adopt ein baptismal name as ein official den legal name. Na he participate insyd de 1966 Berlin Congress for World Evangelism wey be organised by evangelist Billy Graham.[182][183]

Na he try make he unify de Oriental Orthodox community wey dey extend into Egypt, Armenia, den Syria. Despite dis, na he no try make he stop de Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church from having ein own Patriarch wen na dem grant am autocephaly by de Egyptian Coptic Church. Na he adhere to de intracontinental den overseas relations between de Orthodox churches, wey na he believe dat e go be reasonable to try to move unification forward.[184][185][186]

Family

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Ein son Prince Asfaw Wossen den oda members of de Royal Family of Ethiopia

Selassie, as he be de head of de Royal Family, legally get precedent over all matters within ein household. Na he contrast plus de Solomonic dynasty wey he give more political powers, dukedoms, den government offices to members of ein immediate family, wey dey include ein grandson Rear Admiral Iskinder Desta. An individual source according to Paulos Milkias, a professor at Montreal, Canada, claim say na Desta threaten ein grandpoppie with death at gunpoint unless he change de successional line (although na dis never definitively be confirmed). Na Selassie only want make he give am an apolitical position as a commissioned officer insyd de Ethiopian military, wey na dem make Iskinder deputy commander of de Imperial Ethiopian Navy insyd 1958.[187][188]

Insyd 1963, na Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh say na he help Haile Selassie to put eim grandson insyd de elite Gordonstoun school.[189] Na Selassie be able make he put ein oda grandkiddies into top schools thru out de U.S. den Europe, such as Columbia University.[190]

Legacy

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Memorials

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  • Haile Selassie I ein statue locate at de AU Conference HQ, Addis Ababa
    Haile Selassie I ein statue locate at de AU Conference HQ, Addis Ababa
  • Former standing statue of de Emperor insyd Wimbledon, England
    Former standing statue of de Emperor insyd Wimbledon, England
  • A plaster figure of Selassie by Jacob Epstein insyd 1936, The New Art Gallery Walsall, England
    A plaster figure of Selassie by Jacob Epstein insyd 1936, The New Art Gallery Walsall, England
  • A blue plaque, dem unveil insyd 2011 insyd Great Malvern, England
    A blue plaque, dem unveil insyd 2011 insyd Great Malvern, England

Titles, styles, arms, honours

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  • 23 July 1892 – 1 November 1905: Lij Tafari Makonnen[31][191]
  • 1 November 1905 – 11 February 1917: Dejazmach Tafari Makonnen[31][36]
  • 11 February 1917 – 7 October 1928: Balemulu Silt'an Enderase Le'ul-Ras Tafari Makonnen[35][192]
  • 7 October 1928 – 2 November 1930: Negus Tafari Makonnen[193]
  • 2 November 1930 – 12 September 1974: By the Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah, His Imperial Majesty Haile Selassie I, King of Kings of Ethiopia, Elect of God.[36][38][45][194][195]

National orders

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  • Chief Commander of de Order of the Star of Ethiopia (1909)[196]
  • Grand Collar of de Order of Solomon (1930)[197][198]
  • Grand Cordon of de Order of the Seal of Solomon[199][200]
  • Grand Cordon with Collar of de Order of the Queen of Sheba[201]
  • Grand Cordon of de Order of the Holy Trinity[202]
  • Grand Cordon of de Order of Menelik II[203]
  • Order of Fidelity[204]

Foreign Coat of Arms

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Coat of arms insyd Spain under de order of Charles III of Spain
Coat of arms as Emperor insyd de United Kingdom under de Order of Garter
Coat of arms as Emperor insyd Sweden under de Order of the Seraphim

As sovereign

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Imperial Royal Standard for Haile Selassie I obverse
Imperial Royal Standard for Haile Selassie I reverse

Military ranks

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Na Selassie hold de following ranks:

  • Field Marshal, Imperial Ethiopian Army[205][206]
  • Admiral of the Fleet, Imperial Ethiopian Navy[206]
  • Marshal of de Imperial Ethiopian Air Force[206]
  • Honorary Field Marshal, British Army, 20 January 1965[207][208][209]

Issue

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Name Birth Death Notes
Princess Romanework 1909 14 October 1940 She marry Dejazmatch Beyene Merid insyd de late 1920s, wey na dem get four kiddies. Dejazmatch Beyene Merid die insyd 1937.
Princess Tenagnework 12 January 1912 6 April 2003 She marry from 1924 to 1937 (death) to Ras Desta Damtew, wey na dem get six kiddies. She remarry to Andargachew Messai, wey die insyd 1981, wey na dem get two kiddies.
Crown Prince Amha Selassie 27 July 1916 17 January 1997 He marry Wolete Israel Seyoum insyd 1931, wey na dem get one daughter. Amha den Wolete later divorce. He marry Medferiashwork Abebe insyd 1945, wey na dem get four kiddies.
Princess Zenebework 25 July 1917 24 March 1934 She marry Dejazmach Haile Selassie Gugsa, no issue
Princess Tsehai 13 October 1919 17 August 1942 She marry Lij Abiye Abebe insyd 1941, wey na dem get a stillborn daughter
Prince Makonnen, Duke of Harar 16 October 1924 13 May 1957 He marry Sara Gizaw, wey na dem get five kiddies
Prince Sahle Selassie 27 February 1932 24 April 1962 He marry Princess Mahisente Habte Mariam, wey na dem get one son

References

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  2. ↑ Page, Melvin Eugene; Sonnenburg, Penny M. (2003). Colonialism: an international, social, cultural, and political encyclopedia. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 247. ISBN 978-1-57607-335-3.
  3. ↑ Erlich, Haggai (2002), The Cross and the River: Ethiopia, Egypt, and the Nile. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 1-55587-970-5, p. 192.
  4. ↑ Murrell, p. 148
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  6. ↑ Karsh, Efraim (1988), Neutrality and Small States. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-00507-8, p. 112.
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  8. ↑ Salvano, Tadese Tele (2018). የደረግ አነሳስና (የኤርትራና ትግራይ እንቆቅልሽ ጦርነት) [The Derg Initiative (The Eritrean-Tigray Mysterious War)]. Tadese Tele Salvano. pp. 81–97. ISBN 978-0-7915-9662-3.
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  112. ↑ Hickman Cutter, Charles (2001). Africa, 2001. Stryker-Post Publications. p. 177. ISBN 978-1-887985-31-4. When Emperor Haile Selassie unilaterally dissolved the Eritrean parliament and annexed the country in 1962...
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