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Heart

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heart
organ type, class of anatomical entity
Subclass ofanimal organ Edit
Part ofcirculatory system Edit
Get useblood circulation Edit
Studied bycardiology Edit
Found insyd taxonAnimal Edit
Anatomical locationcavity of bony thorax Edit
Arterial supplyright coronary artery, left coronary artery Edit
Venous drainagesuperior vena cava Edit
Innervated bycardiac plexus Edit
Development of anatomical structuredevelopment of the heart Edit
Connects withartery, vein Edit
Get characteristicheartbeat Edit
Produced soundheart sound Edit
NCI Thesaurus IDC12727 Edit
Unicode character🫀 Edit

De heart be a muscular organ dem find insyd humans den oda animals. Dis organ dey pump blood thru de blood vessels.[1] De heart den blood vessels togeda dey make up de circulatory system.[2] De pumped blood carry oxygen den nutrients to de tissue, while dey carry metabolic waste such as carbon dioxide to de lungs.[3] Insyd humans, de heart approximately be de size of a closed fist wey e be located between de lungs, insyd de middle compartment of de chest, dem call de mediastinum.[4]

Insyd humans, de heart be divided into four chambers: upper left den right atria den lower left den right ventricles.[5][6] Commonly, de right atrium den ventricle be referred togeda as de right heart den dema left counterparts as de left heart.[7] Insyd a healthy heart, blood dey flow one way thru de heart secof heart valves, wich dey prevent backflow.[4] De heart be enclosed insyd a protective sac, de pericardium, wich sanso dey contain a small amount of fluid. De wall of de heart be made up of three layers: epicardium, myocardium, den endocardium.[8]

De heart dey pump blood plus a rhythm wey be determined by a group of pacemaker cells insyd de sinoatrial node. Dese generate an electric current wey dey cause de heart to contract, wey dey travel thru de atrioventricular node den along de conduction system of de heart. Insyd humans, deoxygenated blood dey enter de heart thru de right atrium from de superior den inferior venae cavae den dey pass to de right ventricle. From hie, e be pumped into pulmonary circulation to de lungs, wer e dey receive oxygen den dey give off carbon dioxide. Oxygenated blood then return to de left atrium, de pass thru de left ventricle wey e be pumped out thru de aorta into systemic circulation, wey dey travel thru arteries, arterioles, den capillaries—wer nutrients den oda substances be exchanged between blood vessels den cells, wey dey loose oxygen den dey gain carbon dioxide—before e be returned to de heart thru venules den veins.[9] De adult heart dey beat at a resting rate close to 72 beats per minute.[10]

Na cardiovascular diseases be de most common cause of death globally as of 2008, wey dey account for 30% of all human deaths.[11][12] Of dese more dan three-quarters are a result of coronary artery disease den stroke.[11] Risk factors dey include: smoking, being overweight, little exercise, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, den poorly controlled diabetes, among odas.[13] Cardiovascular diseases no dey frequently get symptoms buh fi cause chest pain anaa shortness of breath. Dem often dey do diagnosis of heart disease by de taking of a medical history, listening to de heart-sounds plus a stethoscope, as well as plus ECG, den echocardiogram wich dey use ultrasound.[4] Dem dey call specialists wey dey focus on diseases of de heart are cardiologists, although chaw specialties of medicine fi be involved insyd treatment.[12]

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References

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  1. ↑ Moran, Michael E. (2013-08-26), "Gray's Anatomy of Stones: Henry Vandyke Carter", Urolithiasis A Comprehensive History, New York, NY: Springer New York, pp. 131–144, doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-8196-6_15, ISBN 978-1-4614-8195-9
  2. ↑ Taber, Clarence Wilbur; Venes, Donald (2009). Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary. F.A. Davis Co. pp. 1018–1023. ISBN 978-0-8036-1559-5.
  3. ↑ Guyton & Hall 2011, p. 157.
  4. 1 2 3 Moore, Keith L.; Dalley, Arthur F.; Agur, Anne M.R. (2009). "1". Clinically Oriented Anatomy. Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 127–173. ISBN 978-1-60547-652-0.
  5. ↑ Starr, Cecie; Evers, Christine; Starr, Lisa (2009). Biology: Today and Tomorrow With Physiology. Cengage Learning. p. 422. ISBN 978-0-495-56157-6. Archived from the original on 2 May 2016.
  6. ↑ Reed, C. Roebuck; Brainerd, Lee Wherry; Lee, Rodney; Kaplan, Inc. (2008). CSET: California Subject Examinations for Teachers (3rd ed.). New York: Kaplan Pub. p. 154. ISBN 978-1-4195-5281-6. Archived from the original on 4 May 2016.
  7. ↑ Gray's Anatomy 2008, p. 960.
  8. ↑ Betts, J. Gordon (2013). Anatomy & physiology. OpenStax College, Rice University. pp. 787–846. ISBN 978-1-938168-13-0. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
  9. ↑ Guyton & Hall 2011, pp. 101, 157–158, 180.
  10. ↑ Guyton & Hall 2011, pp. 105–107.
  11. 1 2 "Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) Fact sheet N°317 March 2013". WHO. World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 19 September 2014. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
  12. 1 2 Longo, Dan; Fauci, Anthony; Kasper, Dennis; Hauser, Stephen; Jameson, J.; Loscalzo, Joseph (2011). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (18th ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 1811. ISBN 978-0-07-174889-6.
  13. ↑ Graham, I; Atar, D; Borch-Johnsen, K; Boysen, G; Burell, G; Cifkova, R; Dallongeville, J; De Backer, G; Ebrahim, S; Gjelsvik, B; Herrmann-Lingen, C; Hoes, A; Humphries, S; Knapton, M; Perk, J; Priori, SG; Pyorala, K; Reiner, Z; Ruilope, L; Sans-Menendez, S; Scholte op Reimer, W; Weissberg, P; Wood, D; Yarnell, J; Zamorano, JL; Walma, E; Fitzgerald, T; Cooney, MT; Dudina, A; European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Committee for Practice Guidelines, (CPG) (Oct 2007). "European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: executive summary: Fourth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (Constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts)" (PDF). European Heart Journal. 28 (19): 2375–2414. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehm316. PMID 17726041. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 April 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2019.

Bibliography

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  • Hall, John (2011). Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology (12th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier. ISBN 978-1-4160-4574-8.
  • Longo, Dan; Fauci, Anthony; Kasper, Dennis; Hauser, Stephen; Jameson, J.; Loscalzo, Joseph (2011). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (18th ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 978-0-07-174889-6.
  • Susan Standring; Neil R. Borley; et al., eds. (2008). Gray's anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice (40th ed.). London: Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 978-0-8089-2371-8.
  • Nicki R. Colledge; Brian R. Walker; Stuart H. Ralston, eds. (2010). Davidson's principles and practice of medicine (21st ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-7020-3085-7.
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