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Heritability of autism

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Heritability of autism
causes of autism
Subclass ofheritability Edit

De heritability of autism be de proportion of differences in expression of autism wey fi be explained by genetic variation. Autism get a strong genetic basis. Although de genetics of autism be complex, de disorder be explained more by multigene effects dan by rare mutations plus large effects.[1][2]

Autism fi be influenced by genetics, plus studies consistently dey demonstrate a higher prevalence among siblings den insyd families plus a history of autism. Dis lead researchers to investigate de extent to wich genetics dey contribute to de development of autism. Numerous studies, wey dey include twin studies den family studies, estimate de heritability of autism to be around 80 to 90%,[3] wey dey indicate wey genetic factors play a substantial role insyd ein etiology. Heritability dey estimate no dey imply wey autism be solely determined by genetics, as environmental factors sanso dey contribute to de development of de disorder.[4]

Studies of twins from 1977 to 1995 estimate de heritability of autism to be more dan 90%; in oda words, wey 90% of de differences between autistic den non-autistic individuals be secof genetic effects.[5] Wen one identical twin per be autistic, de oda often get learning anaa social disabilities.[6] For adult siblings, de likelihood of having one anaa more features of de broad autism phenotype fi be as high as 30%,[7] much higher dan de likelihood insyd controls.[8]

References

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  1. ↑ Abrahams BS, Geschwind DH (May 2008). "Advances in autism genetics: on the threshold of a new neurobiology". Nature Reviews. Genetics. 9 (5): 341–355. doi:10.1038/nrg2346. PMC 2756414. PMID 18414403.
  2. ↑ Weiner DJ, Wigdor EM, Ripke S, Walters RK, Kosmicki JA, Grove J, et al. (July 2017). "Polygenic transmission disequilibrium confirms that common and rare variation act additively to create risk for autism spectrum disorders". Nature Genetics. 49 (7): 978–985. doi:10.1038/ng.3863. PMC 5552240. PMID 28504703. Common polygenic variation, distributed across the genome, accounts for at least 20% of ASD liability. De novo single-nucleotide and copy number variants can have a strong effect on the individuals who carry them but account for less liability at a population level (<10%).
  3. ↑ Sandin S, Lichtenstein P, Kuja-Halkola R, Hultman C, Larsson H, Reichenberg A (September 2017). "The Heritability of Autism Spectrum Disorder". JAMA. 318 (12): 1182–1184. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.12141. PMC 5818813. PMID 28973605.
  4. ↑ Buxbaum JD, Hof PR (25 October 2012). The Neuroscience of Autism Spectrum Disorders (in English). Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-391924-3. Retrieved 2023-07-02.
  5. ↑ Freitag CM (January 2007). "The genetics of autistic disorders and its clinical relevance: a review of the literature". Molecular Psychiatry. 12 (1): 2–22. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001896. PMID 17033636. S2CID 205678822.
  6. ↑ Le Couteur A, Bailey A, Goode S, Pickles A, Robertson S, Gottesman I, Rutter M (October 1996). "A broader phenotype of autism: the clinical spectrum in twins". Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 37 (7): 785–801. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01475.x. eISSN 1469-7610. ISSN 0021-9630. OCLC 01307942. PMID 8923222.
  7. ↑ Folstein SE, Rosen-Sheidley B (December 2001). "Genetics of autism: complex aetiology for a heterogeneous disorder". Nature Reviews. Genetics. 2 (12): 943–55. doi:10.1038/35103559. PMID 11733747. S2CID 9331084.
  8. ↑ Bolton P, Macdonald H, Pickles A, Rios P, Goode S, Crowson M, et al. (July 1994). "A case-control family history study of autism". Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 35 (5): 877–900. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb02300.x. eISSN 1469-7610. ISSN 0021-9630. OCLC 01307942. PMID 7962246.
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