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Heroin

From Wikipedia
Heroin
type of chemical entity
Subclass ofHarry Edit
Get useMedication Edit
Chemical formulaC₂₁H₂₃NO₅ Edit
Canonical SMILESCC(=O)OC1C=CC2C3CC4=C5C2(C1OC5=C(C=C4)OC(=O)C)CCN3C Edit
Isomeric SMILESCC(=O)O[C@H]1C=C[C@H]2[C@H]3CC4=C5[C@]2([C@H]1OC5=C(C=C4)OC(=O)C)CCN3C Edit
Subject has roleopioid, narcotic Edit

Heroin, dem sanso know am as diacetylmorphine den diamorphine among oda names,[1] be a morphinan opioid substance dem synthesize from de dried latex of de opium poppy; dem mainly dey use am as a recreational drug for ein euphoric effects. Dem dey use heroin medically insyd chaw countries to relieve pain, such as during childbirth anaa a heart attack, as well as insyd opioid replacement therapy.[2][3][4] Dem dey use medical-grade diamorphine as a pure hydrochloride salt. Various white den brown powders dem sell illegally around de world as heroin be routinely diluted plus cutting agents. Black tar heroin be a variable admixture of morphine derivatives—predominantly 6-MAM (6-monoacetylmorphine), wich be de result of crude acetylation during clandestine production of street heroin.[5]

Dem typically dey inject heroin, usually into a vein, buh e sanso fi be snorted, smoked, anaa inhaled. Insyd a clinical context, de route of administration most commonly be intravenous injection; e sanso fi be given by intramuscular anaa subcutaneous injection, as well as orally insyd de form of tablets.[5][6][7][8] De onset of effects usually be rapid den dey last for a few hours.[5]

Common side effects dey include respiratory depression (decreased breathing), dry mouth, drowsiness, impaired mental function, constipation, den addiction.[7] Use by injection sanso fi result in abscesses, infected heart valves, blood-borne infections, den pneumonia.[7] After a history of long-term use, opioid withdrawal symptoms fi begin within hours of de last use.[7] Wen given by injection into a vein, heroin get two to three times de effect of a similar dose of morphine.[5] E typically dey appear insyd de form of a white anaa brown powder.[7]

Treatment of heroin addiction often dey include behavioral therapy den medications.[7] Medications fi include buprenorphine, methadone, anaa naltrexone.[7] Dem fi treat a heroin overdose plus naloxone.[7] As of 2015, na an estimated 17 million people use opiates non-medically, of wich heroin be de most common,[9][10] wey na opioid use result in 122,000 deaths;[11] sanso, as of 2015, na dem believe de total number of heroin users worldwide increase insyd Africa, de Americas, den Asia since 2000.[12] Insyd de United States, approximately na 1.6 percent of people use heroin at sam point.[7][13] Wen na people die from overdosing on a drug, de drug be usually an opioid den often heroin.[9][14]

Na C. R. Alder Wright first make heroin insyd 1874 from morphine, a natural product of de opium poppy.[15] Internationally, heroin be controlled under Schedules I den IV of de Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs,[16] wey e be generally illegal to make, possess, anaa sell widout a license.[17] About na dem make about 448 tons of heroin insyd 2016.[12] Insyd 2015, na Afghanistan produce about 66% of de world ein opium.[9] Dem often dey mix illegal heroin plus oda substances such as sugar, starch, caffeine, quinine, anaa oda opioids like fentanyl.[5][18]

References

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  1. ↑ Sweetman, SC (2009), Martindale: the complete drug reference (in English), vol. 36th ed., London: Pharmaceutical Press, p. 42, retrieved 2025-11-29
  2. ↑ Friedrichsdorf SJ, Postier A (2014). "Management of breakthrough pain in children with cancer". Journal of Pain Research. 7: 117–23. doi:10.2147/JPR.S58862. PMC 3953108. PMID 24639603.
  3. ↑ National Collaborating Centre for Cancer (UK) (May 2012). Opioids in Palliative Care: Safe and Effective Prescribing of Strong Opioids for Pain in Palliative Care of Adults. Cardiff (UK): National Collaborating Centre for Cancer (UK). PMID 23285502.
  4. ↑ Uchtenhagen AA (March 2011). "Heroin maintenance treatment: from idea to research to practice" (PDF). Drug and Alcohol Review. 30 (2): 130–7. doi:10.1111/j.1465-3362.2010.00266.x. PMID 21375613. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 "Heroin". Drugs.com. 18 May 2014. Archived from the original on 19 October 2016. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
  6. ↑ "Diamorphine". SPS – Specialist Pharmacy Service. 15 February 2013. Archived from the original on 4 May 2020. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "DrugFacts—Heroin". National Institute on Drug Abuse. October 2014. Archived from the original on 19 October 2016. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
  8. ↑ Research Report Series: Heroin (PDF). National Institutes on Drug Abuse. 2014. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 December 2016. Highly pure heroin can be snorted or smoked and may be more appealing to new users because it eliminates the stigma associated with injection drug use…. Impure heroin is usually dissolved, diluted, and injected into veins, muscles, or under the skin.
  9. 1 2 3 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (May 2016). "Statistical tables" (PDF). World Drug Report 2016. Vienna, Austria: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. p. xii, 18, 32. ISBN 978-92-1-057862-2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 August 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
  10. ↑ "Information sheet on opioid overdose". WHO. August 2018. Archived from the original on 21 April 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  11. ↑ Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, et al. (GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281.
  12. 1 2 World Drug Report 2017 Part 3 (PDF). United Nations. May 2017. pp. 14, 24. ISBN 978-92-1-148294-2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 July 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  13. ↑ "What is the scope of heroin use in the United States?". National Institute on Drug Abuse. Archived from the original on 10 December 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  14. ↑ Valencia M (23 June 2016). "Record 29 million people drug-dependent worldwide; heroin use up sharply – UN report". United Nations Sustainable Development. Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  15. ↑ A Century of International Drug Control. United Nations Publications. 2010. p. 49. ISBN 978-92-1-148245-4. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017.
  16. ↑ "Yellow List: List of Narcotic Drugs Under International Control" (PDF). International Narcotics Control Board. December 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 May 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2006. Referring URL = "Yellow List". Archived from the original on 21 June 2006. Retrieved 21 June 2006.
  17. ↑ Lyman MD (2013). Drugs in Society: Causes, Concepts, and Control. Routledge. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-12-407167-4. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017.
  18. ↑ Cole C (2010). CUT: a guide to adulterants, bulking agents and other contaminants found in illicit drugs. Liverpool: Centre for Public Health. Faculty of Health and Applied Social Sciences, John Moores University. ISBN 978-1-907441-47-9. OCLC 650080999.
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