History of slavery in the Muslim world

History of slavery in the Muslim world

aspect of history

Facet give	history of slavery, history of the Muslim world

Na de history of slavery in the Muslim world be thru out de history of Islam plus slaves wey dey serve insyd chaw social den economic roles, from powerful emirs to harshly treated manual laborers. Na slaves be widely insyd labour insyd irrigation, mining, den animal husbandry, buh most commonly as soldiers, guards, domestic workers. De use of slaves for hard physical labor early on insyd Muslim history lead to chaw destructive slave revolts, na de most notable be de Zanj Rebellion of 869–883. Na chaw rulers sanso use slaves insyd de military den administration to such an extent wey slaves fi seize power, as na de Mamluks do.

Na chaw import slaves from outsyd de Muslim world. Na slavery insyd de Muslim world no get a racial foundation in principle, although na dis no be always de case in practise. Na de Arab slave trade be most active insyd West Asia, North Africa (Trans-Saharan slave trade), den Southeast Africa (Red Sea slave trade den Indian Ocean slave trade), den rough estimates place de number of Africans dem enslave insyd de twelve centuries prior to de 20th century at between six million to ten million. Na de Ottoman slave trade cam from raids into eastern den central Europe den de Caucasus dem connect to de Crimean slave trade, while slave traders from de Barbary Coast raid de Mediterranean coasts of Europe den as far afield as de British Isles den Iceland.

Historically, na de Muslim Middle East be more anaa less united for chaw centuries, wey na slavery hence reflect insyd de institution of slavery insyd de Rashidun Caliphate (632–661), slavery insyd de Umayyad Caliphate (661–750), slavery insyd de Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258), slavery insyd de Mamluk Sultanate (1258–1517) den slavery insyd de Ottoman Empire (1517–1922), before na slavery be finally abolished insyd one Muslim country after anoda during de 20th century.

Insyd de 20th century, na de authorities insyd Muslim states gradually outlaw den suppressed slavery. Na dem abolish slavery insyd Zanzibar insyd 1909, wen na slave concubines be freed, wey na dem close de open slave market insyd Morocco insyd 1922. Na dem abolish slavery insyd de Ottoman Empire insyd 1924 wen na dem disband de new Turkish Constitution de Imperial Harem wey dem make de last concubines den eunuchs free citizens of de newly proclaimed republic. Na dem abolish slavery insyd Iran den slavery insyd Jordan insyd 1929. Insyd de Persian Gulf, na dem first abolish slavery insyd Bahrain insyd 1937, wey slavery insyd Kuwait follow insyd 1949 den slavery insyd Qatar insyd 1952, while Saudi Arabia den Yemen abolish am insyd 1962, den Oman follow insyd 1970. Mauritania cam be de last state to abolish slavery, insyd 1981. Insyd 1990 na de Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam declare dat "no one has the right to enslave" anoda human being. As of 2001, however, instances of modern slavery persist insyd areas of de Sahel, den chaw 21st-century terroristic jihadist groups attempt to use historic slavery insyd de Muslim world as a pretext for reviving slavery insyd de 21st century.

Scholars point to de various difficulties insyd studying dis amorphous phenomenon wich dey occur over a large geographic region (between East Africa den de Near East), a lengthy period of history (from de seventh century to de present day), wey wich only receive greater attention after de abolition of de Atlantic slave trade. De terms "Arab slave trade" den "Islamic slave trade" (den oda similar terms) be invariably used to refer to dis phenomenon.

References

Sources

• Clarence-Smith, William Gervase (2006). Islam and the Abolition of Slavery. Oxford University Press.
• Gordon, Murray (1987). Slavery in the Arab World. New York: New Amsterdam Press.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
• Ingrams, W. H. (1967). Zanzibar. UK: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7146-1102-0.
• Jok, Madut Jok (2001). War and Slavery in Sudan. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-1762-9.
• Levy, Reuben (1957). The Social Structure of Islam. UK: Cambridge University Press.
• Lewis, Bernard (1990). Race and Slavery in the Middle East. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-505326-5.
• Lovejoy, Paul E. (2000). Transformations in Slavery. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-78430-6.
• Manning, Patrick (1990). Slavery and African Life: Occidental, Oriental, and African Slave Trades. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-34867-6.
• Segal, Ronald (2001). Islam's Black Slaves: The Other Black Diaspora. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 9780374527976.

Read further

Insyd print

• Freamon, Bernard K.. Possessed by the Right Hand: The Problem of Slavery in Islamic Law and Muslim Cultures. Netherlands, Brill, 2019.
• Akande, Habeeb. Illuminating the Darkness: Blacks and North Africans in Islam (Ta Ha 2012)
• Al-Hibri, Azizah Y. (2003). "An Islamic Perspective on Domestic Violence". 27 Fordham International Law Journal 195.
• P.J. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). "Abd". Encyclopaedia of Islam Online. Brill Academic Publishers. ISSN 1573-3912.
• Bloom, Jonathan; Blair, Sheila (2002). Islam: A Thousand Years of Faith and Power. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-09422-0.
• Davis, Robert C. (2004). Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-4551-8.
• Esposito, John (1998). Islam: The Straight Path. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-511233-7. - First Edition 1991; Expanded Edition : 1992.
• Ghamidi, Javed Ahmed (2001). Mizan. Lahore: Al-Mawrid. OCLC 52901690.
• Hasan, Yusuf Fadl; Gray, Richard (2002). Religion and Conflict in Sudan. Nairobi: Paulines Publications Africa. ISBN 978-9966-21-831-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
• Hughes, Thomas Patrick; Patrick (1996). A Dictionary of Islam. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 978-81-206-0672-2.
• Ed.: Holt, P. M; Lambton, Ann; Lewis, Bernard (1977). The Cambridge History of Islam. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29137-8.
• Martin, Vanessa (2005). The Qajar Pact. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-85043-763-5.
• Nasr, Seyyed (2002). The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity. US: HarperSanFrancisco. ISBN 978-0-06-009924-4.
• Pankhurst, Richard (1997). The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century. The Red Sea Press. ISBN 978-0-932415-19-6.
• Schimmel, Annemarie (1992). Islam: An Introduction. US: SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-1327-2.
• Sikainga, Ahmad A. "Shari'a Courts and the Manumission of Female Slaves in the Sudan 1898–1939", The International Journal of African Historical Studies > Vol. 28, No. 1 (1995), pp. 1–24
• Sikainga, Ahmad A. (1996). Slaves Into Workers: Emancipation and Labor in Colonial Sudan. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-77694-4.
• Tucker, Judith E.; Nashat, Guity (1999). Women in the Middle East and North Africa. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-21264-1.

Online

• Race and Slavery in the Middle East by Bernard Lewis
• Slavery in Islam (BBC (2009))