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Hypertension

From Wikipedia
Hypertension
class of disease, signs den symptoms
Subclass ofvascular disease, artery disease, clinical sign, hypertension, disease Edit
Has effectheart failure Edit
Health specialtyfamily medicine, hypertensiology Edit
Get characteristiccomplications of hypertension Edit
Possible medical findingsaortic ejection sound, abnormal fourth heart sound Edit
ICD-9-CM997.91, 401-405.99 Edit
ICPC 2 IDK86 Edit
NCI Thesaurus IDC3117 Edit
Opposite ofhypotension Edit

Hypertension, dem sanso know as high blood pressure, be a long-term medical condition insyd wich de blood pressure insyd de arteries dey persistently elevate.[1] High blood pressure usually no dey cause symptoms einself.[2] E, however, be a major risk factor for stroke, coronary artery disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, peripheral arterial disease, vision loss, chronic kidney disease, den dementia.[3][4][5][6] Hypertension be a major cause of premature death worldwide.[7]

High blood pressure be classified as primary (essential) hypertension anaa secondary hypertension.[8] About 90–95% of cases be primary, dem define as high blood pressure secof non-specific lifestyle den genetic factors.[8] Lifestyle factors wey dey increase de risk dey include excess salt insyd de diet, excess body weight, smoking, physical inactivity den alcohol use.[2][8] De remaining 5–10% of cases be categorized as secondary hypertension, dem define as high blood pressure secof a clearly identifiable cause, such as chronic kidney disease, narrowing of de kidney arteries, an endocrine disorder, anaa de use of birth control pills.[8]

Blood pressure be classified by two measurements, de systolic (first number) den diastolic (second number) pressures.[2] For chaw adults, normal blood pressure at rest be within de range of 100–140 millimeters mercury (mmHg) systolic den 60–90 mmHg diastolic.[9][10] For chaw adults, high blood pressure be present if de resting blood pressure be persistently at anaa above 130/80 anaa 140/90 mmHg.[8][9][10] Different numbers apply to kiddies.[11] Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring over a 24-hour period dey appear more accurate dan office-based blood pressure measurement.[1][8]

Lifestyle changes den medications fi lower blood pressure den decrease de risk of health complications.[12] Lifestyle changes dey include weight loss, physical exercise, decreased salt intake, reducing alcohol intake, den a healthy diet.[8] If lifestyle changes no be sufficient, dem dey use blood pressure medications.[12] Up to three medications dem take concurrently fi control blood pressure insyd 90% of people.[8] De treatment of moderately high arterial blood pressure (dem define as >160/100 mmHg) plus medications be associated plus an improved life expectancy.[13] De effect of treatment of blood pressure between 130/80 mmHg den 160/100 mmHg be less clear, plus sam reviews dey find benefit[9][14][15][16] den odas dey find unclear anaa no benefit.[17][18] High blood pressure dey affect 33% of de population globally.[19] About half of all people plus high blood pressure no know say dem get am.[19] Insyd 2019, na dem believe high blood pressure be a factor insyd 19% of all deaths (10.4 million globally).[19]

References

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  1. 1 2 Naish J, Court DS (2014). Medical sciences (2 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 562. ISBN 978-0-7020-5249-1.
  2. 1 2 3 "About High Blood Pressure". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 15 May 2024. Archived from the original on 20 May 2024. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  3. ↑ Lackland, Daniel T.; Weber, Michael A. (May 2015). "Global burden of cardiovascular disease and stroke: hypertension at the core". The Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 31 (5): 569–571. doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2015.01.009. PMID 25795106.
  4. ↑ Mendis S, Puska P, Norrving B (2011). Global atlas on cardiovascular disease prevention and control (PDF) (1st ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization in collaboration with the World Heart Federation and the World Stroke Organization. p. 38. ISBN 978-92-4-156437-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 August 2014.
  5. ↑ Hernandorena I, Duron E, Vidal JS, Hanon O (July 2017). "Treatment options and considerations for hypertensive patients to prevent dementia". Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy (Review). 18 (10): 989–1000. doi:10.1080/14656566.2017.1333599. PMID 28532183. S2CID 46601689.
  6. ↑ Lau DH, Nattel S, Kalman JM, Sanders P (August 2017). "Modifiable Risk Factors and Atrial Fibrillation". Circulation (Review). 136 (6): 583–596. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.023163. PMID 28784826.
  7. ↑ "Hypertension". World Health Organization (WHO). 25 September 2025. Retrieved 1 October 2025.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Poulter NR, Prabhakaran D, Caulfield M (August 2015). "Hypertension". Lancet. 386 (9995): 801–812. Bibcode:2015Lanc..386..801P. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61468-9. PMID 25832858. S2CID 208792897.
  9. 1 2 3 Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, Casey DE, Collins KJ, Dennison Himmelfarb C, DePalma SM, Gidding S, Jamerson KA, Jones DW, MacLaughlin EJ, Muntner P, Ovbiagele B, Smith SC, Spencer CC, Stafford RS, Taler SJ, Thomas RJ, Williams KA, Williamson JD, Wright JT (June 2018). "2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines". Hypertension. 71 (6): e13 – e115. doi:10.1161/HYP.0000000000000065. PMID 29133356.
  10. 1 2 Mancia G, Kreutz R, Brunström M, Burnier M, Grassi G, Januszewicz A, et al. (2023-12-01). "2023 ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension: Endorsed by the International Society of Hypertension (ISH) and the European Renal Association (ERA)". Journal of Hypertension. 41 (12): 1874–2071. doi:10.1097/HJH.0000000000003480. hdl:11379/603005. ISSN 1473-5598. PMID 37345492.
  11. ↑ James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, Cushman WC, Dennison-Himmelfarb C, Handler J, Lackland DT, LeFevre ML, MacKenzie TD, Ogedegbe O, Smith SC, Svetkey LP, Taler SJ, Townsend RR, Wright JT, Narva AS, Ortiz E (February 2014). "2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8)". JAMA. 311 (5): 507–520. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.284427. PMID 24352797.
  12. 1 2 "How Is High Blood Pressure Treated?". National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. 10 September 2015. Archived from the original on 6 April 2016. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
  13. ↑ Musini VM, Tejani AM, Bassett K, Puil L, Wright JM (June 2019). "Pharmacotherapy for hypertension in adults 60 years or older". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 6 (6) CD000028. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000028.pub3. PMC 6550717. PMID 31167038.
  14. ↑ Sundström J, Arima H, Jackson R, Turnbull F, Rahimi K, Chalmers J, Woodward M, Neal B (February 2015). "Effects of blood pressure reduction in mild hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Annals of Internal Medicine. 162 (3): 184–191. doi:10.7326/M14-0773. PMID 25531552. S2CID 46553658.
  15. ↑ Xie X, Atkins E, Lv J, Bennett A, Neal B, Ninomiya T, Woodward M, MacMahon S, Turnbull F, Hillis GS, Chalmers J, Mant J, Salam A, Rahimi K, Perkovic V, Rodgers A (January 2016). "Effects of intensive blood pressure lowering on cardiovascular and renal outcomes: updated systematic review and meta-analysis". Lancet. 387 (10017): 435–443. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00805-3. PMID 26559744. S2CID 36805676.
  16. ↑ Falk, Jamie M.; Froentjes, Liesbeth; Kirkwood, Jessica Em; Heran, Balraj S.; Kolber, Michael R.; Allan, G. Michael; Korownyk, Christina S.; Garrison, Scott R. (2024-12-17). "Higher blood pressure targets for hypertension in older adults". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2024 (12) CD011575. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011575.pub3. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 11650777. PMID 39688187.
  17. ↑ Wang D, Wright JM, Adams SP, Cundiff DK, Gueyffier F, Grenet G, Ambasta A (24 September 2025). "Pharmacotherapy for mild hypertension". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2025 (9) CD006742. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006742.pub3. PMC 12458985. PMID 40990196.
  18. ↑ Musini VM, Gueyffier F, Puil L, Salzwedel DM, Wright JM (August 2017). "Pharmacotherapy for hypertension in adults aged 18 to 59 years". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017 (8) CD008276. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008276.pub2. PMC 6483466. PMID 28813123.
  19. 1 2 3 Global report on hypertension: the race against a silent killer. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO). 19 March 2023. ISBN 978-92-4-008106-2.

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