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Hypothyroidism

From Wikipedia
hypothyroidism
class of disease
Subclass ofthyroid gland disease, disease Edit
Has effectmyxedema Edit
Health specialtyendocrinology Edit
Drug or therapy used for treatmentL-thyroxine, thyroglobulin, triiodothyronine Edit
ICD-9-CM244.9 Edit
NCI Thesaurus IDC26800 Edit
Opposite ofhyperthyroidism Edit

Hypothyroidism be an endocrine disease insyd wich de thyroid gland no dey produce enough thyroid hormones.[1] E fi cause a number of symptoms, such as poor ability to tolerate cold, extreme fatigue, muscle aches, constipation, slow heart rate, depression, den weight gain.[1] Occasionally, der fi be swelling of de front part of de neck secof goiter.[1] Untreated cases of hypothyroidism during pregnancy fi lead to delays insyd growth den intellectual development insyd de baby anaa congenital iodine deficiency syndrome.[2]

Worldwide, too little iodine insyd de diet be de most common cause of hypothyroidism.[3][4] Hashimoto's thyroiditis, an autoimmune disease wherein de body ein immune system dey react to de thyroid gland,[5] be de most common cause of hypothyroidism insyd countries plus sufficient dietary iodine.[1] Less common causes dey include previous treatment plus radioactive iodine, injury to de hypothalamus anaa de anterior pituitary gland, certain medications, a lack of a functioning thyroid at birth, anaa previous thyroid surgery.[1][6] De diagnosis of hypothyroidism, wen dem suspect, fi be confirmed plus blood tests wey dey measure thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) den thyroxine (T4) levels.[1]

Salt iodization prevent hypothyroidism insyd chaw populations.[7] Thyroid hormone replacement plus levothyroxine dey treat hypothyroidism.[1] Medical professionals adjust de dose according to symptoms den normalization of de TSH levels.[8] Thyroid medication be safe insyd pregnancy.[1] Although an adequate amount of dietary iodine be important, too much fi worsen specific forms of hypothyroidism.[1]

Worldwide about one billion people be estimated to be iodine-deficient; however, e be unknown how often dis dey result in hypothyroidism.[9] Insyd de United States, overt hypothyroidism dey occur in approximately 0.3–0.4% of people.[10] Subclinical hypothyroidism, a milder form of hypothyroidism wey be characterized by normal thyroxine levels den an elevated TSH level, be thought to occur insyd 4.3–8.5% of people insyd de United States.[10] Hypothyroidism be more common insyd women dan insyd men.[1] People over de age of 60 be more commonly affected.[1] Dogs sanso be known to develop hypothyroidism, as be cats den horses, albeit more rarely.[11] De word hypothyroidism be from de Greek hypo- ('reduced'), thyreos ('shield'), and eidos ('form'), whereby de two latter parts refer to de thyroid gland.[12]

Signs den symptoms

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Symptoms den signs of hypothyroidism[13]
Symptoms[13] Signs[13]
Fatigue Dry, coarse skin
Feeling cold Cool extremities
Poor memory den concentration Myxedema (mucopolysaccharide deposits insyd de skin)
Constipation, dyspepsia[14] Hair loss, Sign of Hertoghe
Weight gain plus poor appetite Slow pulse rate
Shortness of breath Swelling of de limbs
Hoarse voice Delayed relaxation of tendon reflexes
Insyd females, heavy menstrual periods (den later light periods) Carpal tunnel syndrome
Abnormal sensation Pleural effusion, ascites, pericardial effusion
Poor hearing
Muscle weakness

References

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Hypothyroidism". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. March 2021. Archived from the original on 11 March 2025. Retrieved 15 March 2025.
  2. ↑ Preedy, Victor (2009). Comprehensive Handbook of Iodine Nutritional, Biochemical, Pathological and Therapeutic Aspects. Burlington: Elsevier. p. 616. ISBN 978-0-08-092086-3.
  3. ↑ Garber JR, Cobin RH, Gharib H, Hennessey JV, Klein I, Mechanick JI, Pessah-Pollack R, Singer PA, Woeber KA (December 2012). "Clinical practice guidelines for hypothyroidism in adults: cosponsored by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Thyroid Association". Thyroid. 22 (12): 1200–35. doi:10.1089/thy.2012.0205. PMID 22954017.
  4. ↑ Chakera AJ, Pearce SH, Vaidya B (2012). "Treatment for primary hypothyroidism: current approaches and future possibilities". Drug Design, Development and Therapy (Review). 6: 1–11. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S12894. PMC 3267517. PMID 22291465.
  5. ↑ "Hashimoto's Disease". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases(NIDDK). Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  6. ↑ Persani L (September 2012). "Clinical review: Central hypothyroidism: pathogenic, diagnostic, and therapeutic challenges". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism (Review). 97 (9): 3068–78. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-1616. PMID 22851492.
  7. ↑ Syed S (April 2015). "Iodine and the "near" eradication of cretinism". Pediatrics. 135 (4): 594–6. doi:10.1542/peds.2014-3718. PMID 25825529. S2CID 27647943.
  8. ↑ "Thyroid disease: assessment and management". www.nice.org.uk. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. 12 October 2023. Retrieved 15 March 2025.
  9. ↑ Cooper, DS; Braverman LE, eds. (2012-07-12). Werner & Ingbar's the thyroid: a fundamental and clinical text (10th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health. p. 552. ISBN 978-1-4511-2063-9. Archived from the original on 2016-05-20.
  10. 1 2 Garber JR, Cobin RH, Gharib H, Hennessey JV, Klein I, Mechanick JI, Pessah-Pollack R, Singer PA, Woeber KA (December 2012). "Clinical practice guidelines for hypothyroidism in adults: cosponsored by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Thyroid Association". Thyroid. 22 (12): 1200–35. doi:10.1089/thy.2012.0205. PMID 22954017.
  11. ↑ "Hypothyroidism". Merck Veterinary Manual, 10th edition (online version). 2012. Archived from the original on 2012-08-23. Retrieved 2013-12-25.
  12. ↑ Mosby's Medical Dictionary (9 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. 2013. p. 887. ISBN 978-0-323-11258-1. Archived from the original on 2016-03-07.
  13. 1 2 3 Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J (2011). "341: disorders of the thyroid gland". Harrison's principles of internal medicine (18th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-174889-6.
  14. ↑ Ebert EC (July 2010). "The thyroid and the gut". Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 44 (6): 402–6. doi:10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181d6bc3e. PMID 20351569. S2CID 23210397.
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