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Ibn Taymiyya

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Ibn Taymiyyah
human
Ein sex anaa gendermale Edit
Ein country of citizenshipMamluk Sultanate Edit
Name wey dem give amAhmad Edit
Nicknameتقي الدين, أبو العباس Edit
Ein date of birth22 January 1263 Edit
Place dem born amHarran Edit
Date wey edie26 September 1328 Edit
Place wey edieDamascus Edit
Place wey dem bury amSufism cemetery Edit
Ein poppieShihab ad-Din ibn Taymiyyah Edit
MummieSitt al-Ni'am bint Abd al-Rahman al-Harraniya Edit
Spouseno value Edit
RelativeʻAbd al-Salām ibn ʻAbd Allāh Ibn Taymīyah, Sitt al-Dār bint ʻAbd al-Salām alḥrānyh Edit
Languages edey speak, rep anaa signArabic Edit
Honorific prefixSheikh-ul-Islam Edit
Honorific suffixrahimahullah Edit
ResidenceHarran, Damascus, Cairo Citadel Edit
Work locationDamascus, Cairo Edit
Religion anaa worldviewIslam Edit
Participated in conflictMongol invasions of the Levant, Battle of Marj al-Saffar Edit
Notable workMecmu-u Fetava, Minhaj as-Sunnah an-Nabawiyyah, Al-Aqidah Al-Waasitiyyah, Naqḍ al-manṭiq, al-Risālah al-ʻarshīyah Edit
Copyright status as creatorcopyrights on works have expired Edit

Ibn Taymiyya (Arabic: ٱبْن تَيْمِيَّة; 22 January 1263 – 26 September 1328)[1] na he be a Sunni Muslim scholar,[2][3][4] jurist, Mujtahid,[5][6] traditionist, Qadiri Sufi,[7][8] proto-Salafi theologian den iconoclast.[4][9] Born insyd Harran insyd 1263 CE den dey flee from de Mongol invasion, ein grandpoppie den poppie teach am insyd de principles of Islamic Jurisprudence at Damascus.[10] Ibn Taymiyya prove to be a controversial figure among both ein contemporaries den insyd later centuries.[11] Clerics den state authorities accuse Ibn Taymiyya den ein disciples of anthropomorphism, wich eventually lead to de censoring of ein works den subsequent incarceration.[12][13][14]

Early years

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Dem born Ibn Taymiyya on 10 Rabi' al-Awwal 661 AH (January 22, 1263 CE) insyd Harran, Mamluk Sultanate to a family of traditional Hanbali scholars. He get Arab den Kurdish lineages by way of ein Arab poppie den Kurdish mommie.[15][16] Ein poppie, Shihab al-Din Abd al-Halim ibn Taymiyya, hold de Hanbali chair insyd Harran den later at de Umayyad Mosque. At de time, na Harran be a part of de Mamluk Sultanate, near wat today be de border of Syria den Turkey, currently insyd de Şanlıurfa Province.[17] At de beginning of de Islamic period, na Harran dey locate insyd Diyar Mudar, de land of de Mudar tribe. Before ein destruction by de Mongols, Harran sanso be well-known since de early days of Islam for ein tradition of adhering to de Hanbali school,[18] to wich Ibn Taymiyya ein family belong.[17] Ein grandpoppie, Majd al-Din ibn Taymiyya, den ein uncle, Fakhr al-Din, both be reputable scholars of de Hanbali school, den dema scholarly achievements be well-known.[19]

Education

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Insyd 1269, Ibn Taymiyya, aged seven, lef Harran togeda plus ein poppie den three bros; however, de city be completely destroyed by de ensuing Mongol invasion.[20][19] Ibn Taymiyya ein family move den settle insyd Damascus, Syria, wich be ruled by de Mamluk Sultanate at de time.

Death

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He fall ill insyd early September 1328 wey he die at de age of 65, on September 26 of dat year, whilst insyd prison at de Citadel of Damascus.[19] Once dis news reach de public, na der be a strong show of support give am from de people.[21] After de authorities give permission, e be reported say thousands of people cam to show dema respects.[21] Dem gather insyd de Citadel wey dem line de streets up to de Umayyad Mosque.[21] Dem hold de funeral prayer insyd de citadel by scholar Muhammad Tammam, wey dem hold a second insyd de mosque.[21] Dem hold a third den final funeral prayer by Ibn Taymiyya ein bro, Zain al-Din.[21] Dem bury am insyd Damascus, insyd Maqbara Sufiyya ("de cemetery of de Sufis"). Na dem bury ein bro Sharafuddin insyd dat cemetery before am.[22][23][24]

Students

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Chaw of Ibn Taymiyya ein students cam be notable scholars insyd dema own right.[19] Ein students cam from different backgrounds wey dem belong to various different schools of thought.[25] De most well-known of dem be Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya den Ibn Kathir,[26] while ein oda students dey include:[19][25][27]

  • Al-Dhahabi
  • Jamal al-Din al-Mizzi
  • Ibn Abd al-Hadi
  • Ibn Muflih
  • Imad al-Din Ahmad al-Wasiti
  • Najm al-Din al-Tufi
  • Al-Ba'labakki
  • Al-Bazzar
  • Ibn Qadi al-Jabal
  • Ibn Fadl Allah al-Amri
  • Muhammad ibn al-Manj
  • Ibn Abd al-Salam al-Batti
  • Ibn al-Wardi (d. 1349)
  • Umar al-Harrani

Works

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Extant books den essays

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  • Majmu' al-Fatawa al-Kubra
  • Minhaj al-Sunna al-Nabawiyya[28]
  • Al-Aqida al-Wasitiyya
  • Al-Siasat Al-Shariah Fi 'Islahul Rai Wal Raiyah
  • Al-Jawab al-Sahih li-man Baddala Din al-Masih[29]
  • Dar Ta'arud al-Aql wa-l-Naql[30] (dem sanso call al-Muwafaqa)[31]
  • Al-Aqida al-Hamawiyya
  • Al-Asma' wa-l-Sifat – two volumes
  • Kitab al-Iman
  • Kitab al-Safadiyya
  • Al-Sarim al-Maslul ala Shatim al-Rasul
  • Fatawa al-Kubra
  • Fatawa al-Misriyya
  • Al-Radd ala al-Mantiqiyyin
  • Naqd al-Ta'sis
  • Al-Ubudiyya
  • Iqtida' al-Sirat al-Mustaqim
  • Al-Siyasa al-Shar'iyya
  • Risala fi al-Ruh wa-l-Aql
  • Al-Tawassul wa-l-Wasila
  • Sharh Futuh al-Ghayb – a commentary on Futuh al-Ghayb by Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani
  • Al-Hisba fi al-Islam – a book on Islamic economics

English translations

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  • The Friends of Allah and the Friends of Shaytan
  • Kitab al-Iman: The Book of Faith, a book on de Islamic articles of faith[32]
  • Diseases of the Hearts and their Cures
  • The Relief from Distress
  • Fundamentals of Enjoining Good & Forbidding Evil
  • The Concise Legacy
  • The Goodly Word
  • The Madinan Way
  • Ibn Taymiyya against the Greek Logicians
  • Muslims Under Non-Muslim Rule

References

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  1. ↑ Esposito, John L. (2003). "The Oxford Dictionary of Islam". Oxford Reference. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 22 February 2026.
  2. ↑ Yahya An Najmi, Shaykh Ahmad. Explanation Of Al-Qasidah Al-Lamiyah (PDF) (in English). Philadelphia: Hikmah Publications. p. 5. ISBN 9781495196805. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 26, 2023. Retrieved April 13, 2022.
  3. ↑ Woodward, Mark. The Garebeg Malud: Veneration of the Prophet as Imperial Ritual (in English). p. 170.
  4. 1 2 Ghobadzdeh, Naser; Akbarzadeh, Shahram (May 18, 2015). "Sectarianism and the prevalence of 'othering' in Islamic thought". Third World Quarterly. 36 (4): 691–704. doi:10.1080/01436597.2015.1024433. S2CID 145364873. Retrieved June 6, 2020. Yet Ibn Taymiyya remained unconvinced and issued three controversial fatwas to justify revolt against mongol rule.
  5. ↑ Nadvi, Syed Suleiman (2012). "Muslims and Greek Schools of Philosophy". Islamic Studies. 51 (2): 218. JSTOR 23643961. All his works are full of condemnation of philosophy and yet he was a great philosopher himself.
  6. ↑ Kokoschka, Alina (2013). Islamic Theology, Philosophy and Law: Debating Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya. De Gruyter. p. 218. Identifying him, especially in regards to his comprehensive view, as a true philosopher, they describe him as an equal to or even superseding the most famous medieval Muslim philosophers.
  7. ↑ Makdisi, 'Ibn Taymiya: a Sufi of the Qadiriya order', American Journal of Arabic Studies 1, part 1 (1973), pp 118-28
  8. ↑ Spevack, Aaron (2014). The Archetypal Sunni Scholar: Law, Theology, and Mysticism in the Synthesis of Al-Bajuri. State University of New York Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-1438453712.
  9. ↑ Nettler, R. and Kéchichian, J.A., 2009. Ibn Taymīyah, Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World, 2, pp.502–4.
  10. ↑ Laoust, Henri (1971). "Taḳī al-Dīn Aḥmad Ibn Taymiyya". Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 951–955. Retrieved 2025-09-16.
  11. ↑ Laoust, Henri (1971). "Taḳī al-Dīn Aḥmad Ibn Taymiyya". Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 952. Retrieved 2025-09-16.
  12. ↑ Haynes, Jeffrey; S. Sheikh, Naveed (2022). "Making Sense of Salafism: Theological foundations, ideological iterations and political manifestations". The Routledge handbook of Religion, Politics and Ideology. New York, USA: Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-367-41782-6. His denouncement of both the (high-church) ʿulamāʾ of the rival theological schools—particularly the Ash'aris, even as he muddied the waters by calling them anachronistic names such as 'Jahmis' after the heterodox theologian Jahm Ibn Safwan (d. 745)—and (low-church) folk religion steeped in local understandings of Sufism, earned him the authorities' wrath. He was imprisoned on charges of corporealism (tajsīm) and likening the attributes of God to those of His creation (tashbīḥ), a dual charge that his followers from Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya (1292–1350) onwards have also faced.
  13. ↑ Sinani, Besnik (April 10, 2022). "Post-Salafism: Religious Revisionism in Contemporary Saudi Arabia". Religions. 13 (4): 344. doi:10.3390/rel13040340. A key aspect of the legacy of Ibn Taymiyya is his opposition to the two dominant schools of Sunni theology (kalam), Ashaʿrism and Maturidism
  14. ↑ Nettler, Ronald L. (2009). "Ibn Taymīyah, Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad". In L. Esposito, John (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001. ISBN 9780195305135. Archived from the original on 1 November 2022. He incurred the wrath of some Shāfiʿī and other ʿulamāʿ (religious scholars) and theologians for some of his teachings on theology and law. He was persecuted and imprisoned in Syria and Egypt, for his tashbīh (anthropomorphism), several of his rulings derived through ijtihād (independent reason), and his idiosyncratic legal judgments
  15. ↑ "Lessons From Islamic History: Ibn Taymiyya and the Synthesis of Takfir". HuffPost (in English). 2019. Retrieved 2023-08-03.
  16. ↑ S. Rowe, Paul (2019). Routledge Handbook of Minorities in the Middle East. New York: Routledge. p. 157. ISBN 978-1-138-64904-0.
  17. 1 2 Hastings, James (1908). Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics. Vol. 7. Morrison and Gibb Limited. p. 72.
  18. ↑ Al-Dhahabi, Muhammad ibn Ahmad. Tadhkirat al-huffaz. Haidarabad. p. 48.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 Laoust 2012.
  20. ↑ Haque 1982, p. 6.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 Haque 1982, p. 14.
  22. ↑ George Makdisi, A Sufi of the Qadiriya Order, p. 123.
  23. ↑ Juan Eduardo Campo, Encyclopedia of Islam, p 340. ISBN 1-4381-2696-4
  24. ↑ Haque 1982, p. 15.
  25. 1 2 Ozervarli, M. Sait (2010). "The Qur'anic Rational Theology of Ibn Taymiyya and his Criticism of the Mutakallimun". Ibn Taymiyya and His Times. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-547834-1.
  26. ↑ Nettler, Ronald L. (February 13, 2015). "Ibn Taymīyah, Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad". Oxford Islamic Studies Online. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved February 14, 2015.
  27. ↑ Matroudi, Abdul Hakim (2006). The Hanbali School of Law and Ibn Taymiyya: Conflict Or Conciliation. Routledge. p. 203. ISBN 978-0-415-58707-5.
  28. ↑ "Ibn Taymiyya's Critique of Shī'ī Imāmology. Translation of Three Sections of his "Minhāj al-Sunna", by Yahya Michot, The Muslim World, 104/1–2 (2014), pp. 109–149.
  29. ↑ Thomas E. Burmann, Foreword in Ian Christopher Levy, Rita George-Tvrtković, Donald Duclow (ed.), Nicholas of Cusa and Islam: Polemic and Dialogue in the Late Middle Ages, BRILL (2014), p. xviii
  30. ↑ Jaffer, Tariq (November 28, 2014). Razi: Master of Quranic Interpretation and Theological Reasoning. Oxford University Press. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-19-994799-7.
  31. ↑ Frank Griffel, "Al-Ghazālī at His Most Rationalist. The Universal Rule for Allegorically Interpreting Revelation. (al-Qānūn al-Kullī fī t-Ta ʾwīl)" in Islam and Rationality: The Impact of al-Ghazālī. Papers Collected on His 900th Anniversary, volume 1, BRILL, 2005, p. 89
  32. ↑ Ibn Taymiyyah, Aḥmad ibn 'Abd al-Ḥalīm (1999). Kitab Al-Iman. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust. ISBN 978-967-5062-28-5. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
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