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Ibn al-Haytham

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Ibn al-Haytham
human
Ein sex anaa gendermale Edit
Name in native languageأبو علي الحسن بن الحسن بن الهيثم البصري المصري Edit
Birth nameأَبُو عَلِيّ ٱلْحَسَنٌ بْن ٱلْحَسَنٌ بْن ٱلْهَيْثَم Edit
Ein date of birth965 Edit
Place dem born amBasra Edit
Date wey edie1039 Edit
Place wey edieCairo Edit
Languages edey speak, rep anaa signArabic, Farsi Edit
Ein field of workphysics Edit
StudentAl-Mubashshir ibn Fātik Edit
ResidenceCairo Edit
Religion anaa worldviewIslam Edit
Notable workBook of Optics, Doubts Concerning Ptolemy Edit
Influenced byAristotle Edit
Copyright status as creatorcopyrights on works have expired Edit

Ibn al-Haytham, Latinized as Alhazen (c. 965 – c. 1040), be a mathematician, astronomer, den physicist of de Islamic Golden Age from present-day Iraq.[1][2][3] Dem refer to am as "the father of modern optics",[4][5][6] he make significant contributions to de principles of optics den visual perception in particular. Ein most influential work be titled Kitāb al-Manāẓir (Arabic: كتاب المناظر, 'Book of Optics'), he wrep during 1011–1021, wich survive insyd a Latin edition.[7] De works of Alhazen frequently be cited during de Scientific Revolution by Galileo Galilei, René Descartes, Johannes Kepler, den Christiaan Huygens.

Ibn al-Haytham be ee first to correctly explain vision as intromissive rada dan extramissive,[8] den to argue say vision dey occur insyd de brain, wey dey point to observations say e be subjective wey affect by personal experience.[9] He sanso state de principle of least time give refraction wich later go cam be Fermat's principle.[10] He make major contributions to catoptrics den dioptrics by studying reflection, refraction den nature of images wey light rays form.[11][12] Ibn al-Haytham be an early proponent of de concept wey a hypothesis for be supported by experiments base on confirmable procedures anaa mathematical reasoning – an early pioneer insyd de scientific method five centuries before Renaissance scientists,[13][14][15][16] he sam times be described as de world ein "first true scientist".[6] He sanso be a polymath, wey dey wrep on philosophy, theology den medicine.[17]

Dem born am insyd Basra, he spend chaw of ein productive period insyd de Fatimid capital of Cairo wey he earn ein living authoring various treatises den dey tutor members of de nobilities.[18] Dem sam times dey give Ibn al-Haytham de byname al-Baṣrī after ein birthplace,[19] anaa al-Miṣrī ('the Egyptian').[20][21] Dem dub Al-Haytham de "Second Ptolemy" by Abu'l-Hasan Bayhaqi[22] den "The Physicist" by John Peckham.[23] Ibn al-Haytham pave de way for de modern science of physical optics.[24]

List of works

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  1. Book of Optics (كتاب المناظر)
  2. Analysis and Synthesis (مقالة في التحليل والتركيب)
  3. Balance of Wisdom (ميزان الحكمة)
  4. Corrections to the Almagest (تصويبات على المجسطي)
  5. Discourse on Place (مقالة في المكان)
  6. Exact Determination of the Pole (التحديد الدقيق للقطب)
  7. Exact Determination of the Meridian (رسالة في الشفق)
  8. Finding the Direction of Qibla by Calculation (كيفية حساب اتجاه القبلة)
  9. Horizontal Sundials (المزولة الأفقية)
  10. Hour Lines (خطوط الساعة)
  11. Doubts Concerning Ptolemy (شكوك على بطليموس)
  12. Maqala fi'l-Qarastun (مقالة في قرسطون)
  13. On Completion of the Conics (إكمال المخاريط)
  14. On Seeing the Stars (رؤية الكواكب)
  15. On Squaring the Circle (مقالة فی تربیع الدائرة)
  16. On the Burning Sphere (المرايا المحرقة بالدوائر)
  17. On the Configuration of the World (تكوين العالم)
  18. On the Form of Eclipse (مقالة فی صورة ‌الکسوف)
  19. On the Light of Stars (مقالة في ضوء النجوم)[25]
  20. On the Light of the Moon (مقالة في ضوء القمر)
  21. On the Milky Way (مقالة في درب التبانة)
  22. On the Nature of Shadows (كيفيات الإظلال)
  23. On the Rainbow and Halo (مقالة في قوس قزح)
  24. Opuscula (Minor Works)
  25. Resolution of Doubts Concerning the Almagest (تحليل شكوك حول الجست)
  26. Resolution of Doubts Concerning the Winding Motion
  27. The Correction of the Operations in Astronomy (تصحيح العمليات في الفلك)
  28. The Different Heights of the Planets (اختلاف ارتفاع الكواكب)
  29. The Direction of Mecca (اتجاه القبلة)
  30. The Model of the Motions of Each of the Seven Planets (نماذج حركات الكواكب السبعة)
  31. The Model of the Universe (نموذج الكون)
  32. The Motion of the Moon (حركة القمر)
  33. The Ratios of Hourly Arcs to their Heights
  34. The Winding Motion (الحركة المتعرجة)
  35. Treatise on Light (رسالة في الضوء)[26]
  36. Treatise on Place (رسالة في المكان)
  37. Treatise on the Influence of Melodies on the Souls of Animals (تأثير اللحون الموسيقية في النفوس الحيوانية)
  38. كتاب في تحليل المسائل الهندسية (A book in engineering analysis)
  39. الجامع في أصول الحساب (The whole in the assets of the account)
  40. قول فی مساحة الکرة (Say in the sphere)
  41. القول المعروف بالغریب فی حساب المعاملات (Saying the unknown in the calculation of transactions)
  42. خواص المثلث من جهة العمود (Triangle properties from the side of the column)
  43. رسالة فی مساحة المسجم المکافی (A message in the free space)
  44. شرح أصول إقليدس (Explain the origins of Euclid)
  45. المرايا المحرقة بالقطوع (The burning mirrors of the rainbow)
  46. مقالة في القرصتن (Treatise on Centers of Gravity)

Lost works

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  1. A Book in which I have Summarized the Science of Optics from the Two Books of Euclid and Ptolemy, to which I have added the Notions of the First Discourse which is Missing from Ptolemy's Book[27]
  2. Treatise on Burning Mirrors
  3. Treatise on the Nature of [the Organ of] Sight and on How Vision is Achieved Through It

References

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  1. ↑ Also Alhacen, Avennathan, Avenetan, etc.; the identity of "Alhazen" with Ibn al-Haytham al-Basri "was identified towards the end of the 19th century".
  2. ↑ Esposito, John L. (2000). The Oxford History of Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 192.
  3. ↑ For the description of his main fields, see e.g. Vernet, 1996, p. 788 ("He is one of the principal Arab mathematicians and, without any doubt, the best physicist.") Sabra, 2008, Kalin, Ayduz ("Ibn al-Ḥaytam was an eminent eleventh-century Arab optician, geometer, arithmetician, algebraist, astronomer, and engineer."), Dallal, 1999 ("Ibn al-Haytham (d. 1039), known in the West as Alhazan, was a leading Arab mathematician, astronomer, and physicist. His optical compendium, Kitab al-Manazir, is the greatest medieval work on optics.")
  4. ↑ Masic, Izet (2008). "Ibn al-Haitham--father of optics and describer of vision theory". Medicinski Arhiv. 62 (3): 183–188. PMID 18822953.
  5. ↑ "International Year of Light: Ibn al Haytham, pioneer of modern optics celebrated at UNESCO". UNESCO (in English). Archived from the original on 18 September 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
  6. 1 2 Al-Khalili, Jim (4 January 2009). "The 'first true scientist'". BBC News. Archived from the original on 26 April 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
  7. ↑ Selin, 2008: "The three most recognizable Islamic contributors to meteorology were: the Alexandrian mathematician/ astronomer Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen 965–1039), the Arab-speaking Persian physician Ibn Sina (Avicenna 980–1037), and the Spanish Moorish physician/jurist Ibn Rushd (Averroes; 1126–1198).
  8. ↑ Adamson, Peter (2016). Philosophy in the Islamic World: A History of Philosophy Without Any Gaps. Oxford University Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-19-957749-1. Archived from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
  9. ↑ Baker 2012, p. 445.
  10. ↑ Rashed, Roshdi (1 April 2019). "Fermat et le principe du moindre temps". Comptes Rendus Mécanique. 347 (4): 357–364. Bibcode:2019CRMec.347..357R. doi:10.1016/j.crme.2019.03.010. ISSN 1631-0721. S2CID 145904123.
  11. ↑ Selin 2008, p. 1817.
  12. ↑ Boudrioua, Azzedine; Rashed, Roshdi; Lakshminarayanan, Vasudevan (2017). Light-Based Science: Technology and Sustainable Development, The Legacy of Ibn al-Haytham (in English). CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-351-65112-7. Archived from the original on 6 March 2023. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
  13. ↑ Haq, Syed (2009).
  14. ↑ Toomer 1964, p. 464.
  15. ↑ "International Year of Light – Ibn Al-Haytham and the Legacy of Arabic Optics". Archived from the original on 1 October 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
  16. ↑ Gorini, Rosanna (October 2003). "Al-Haytham the man of experience. First steps in the science of vision" (PDF). Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine. 2 (4): 53–55. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 25 September 2008.
  17. ↑ Roshdi Rashed, Ibn al-Haytham's Geometrical Methods and the Philosophy of Mathematics: A History of Arabic Sciences and Mathematics, Volume 5, Routledge (2017), p. 635
  18. ↑ According to Al-Qifti.
  19. ↑ O'Connor, Robertson
  20. ↑ O'Connor, Robertson
  21. ↑ Disputed: Corbin, 1993, p. 149.
  22. ↑ Noted by Abu'l-Hasan Bayhaqi (c. 1097–1169), and by
  23. ↑ Lindberg, 1967, p. 331:"Peckham continually bows to the authority of Alhazen, whom he cites as "the Author" or "the Physicist"."
  24. ↑ A. Mark Smith (1996). Ptolemy's Theory of Visual Perception: An English Translation of the Optics. American Philosophical Society. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-87169-862-9. Archived from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  25. ↑ Ibn Al-Haytham, W. 'Arafat and H. J. J. Winter (1971) Template:JSTOR (c. 1027–1038) The Light of the Stars: A Short Discourse by Ibn Al-Haytham Al-Haytham, Ibn; 'Arafat, W.; Winter, H. J. J. (1971). "The Light of the Stars: A Short Discourse by Ibn Al-Haytham". The British Journal for the History of Science. 5 (3): 282–288. doi:10.1017/S0007087400011237. JSTOR 4025317. Archived from the original on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2022.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) The British Journal for the History of Science Vol. 5, No. 3 (Jun. 1971), pp. 282–288
  26. ↑ Alhacen (c.1035) Treatise on Light (رسالة في الضوء) as cited in Shmuel Sambursky, ed. (1975) Physical thought from the Presocratics to the quantum physicists : an anthology, p.137
  27. ↑ From Ibn Abi Usaibia's catalog, as cited in Smith, 2001 91(vol. 1), p. xv.


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