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Ijtihad

From Wikipedia
ijtihad
legal term or legal concept
Part offiqh Edit
Native labelاِجْتِهاد Edit
Dema official websitehttps://www.mojtahd.com/ Edit
Practiced bymujtahid Edit

Ijtihad (/ˌɪdʒtəˈhɑːd/ IJ-tə-HAHD;[1] Arabic: اجتهاد ijtihād [ʔidʒ.tihaːd], lit. 'physical effort' anaa 'mental effort')[2] be an Islamic legal term wey dey refer to independent reasoning by an expert insyd Islamic law,[3] anaa de thorough exertion of a jurist ein mental faculty in finding a solution to a legal question.[2] E dey contrast plus taqlid (imitation, conformity to legal precedent).[4] According to classical Sunni theory, ijtihad dey require expertise insyd de Arabic language, theology, revealed texts, den principles of jurisprudence (usul al-fiqh), wey e no be employed wer authentic den authoritative texts (Qur'an den hadith) be considered unambiguous plus regard to de question, anaa wer der be an existing scholarly consensus (ijma). Ijtihad be considered to be a religious duty for those wey qualify to perform am. Dem dey call an Islamic scholar wey be qualified to perform ijtihad a "mujtahid".[5]

For de first five centuries of Islam, de practice of ijtihad continue in theory den practice among Sunni Muslims. E then first cam be subject to dispute insyd de 12th century.[6] By de 14th century, development of classic Islamic jurisprudence anaa fiqh prompt leading Sunni jurists to state say dem address de main legal questions insyd Islam, den to call for de scope of ijtihad to be restricted.[2] Insyd de modern era, dis give rise to a perception amongst Orientalist scholars den sections of de Muslim public say de so-called "gate of ijtihad" be closed at de start of de classical era.[7] While recent scholarship establish say de practice of Ijtihad never cease insyd Islamic history, de extent den mechanisms of legal change insyd de post-formative period remain a subject of debate. Differences amongst de Fuqaha (jurists) prevent Sunni Muslims from reaching any consensus (Ijma) on de issues of continuity of Ijtihad den existence of Mujtahids. Thus, Ijtihad remain a key aspect of Islamic jurisprudence thru out de centuries.[8] Na dem practice Ijtihad thru out de Early modern period den claims give ijtihad den ein superiority over taqlid be voiced unremittingly.[9]

Dey start from de 18th century, Islamic reformers begin dey call for abandonment of taqlid den emphasis on ijtihad, wich dem see as a return to Islamic origins.[2] Public debates insyd de Muslim world wey dey surround ijtihad continue to de present day. De advocacy of ijtihad be particularly associated plus de Salafiyya den modernist movements.[10] Among contemporary Muslims insyd de West der emerge new visions of ijtihad wich dey emphasize substantive moral values over traditional juridical methodology.

Shia jurists no dey use de term ijtihad til de 12th century. Plus de exception of Zaydi jurisprudence, na de early Imami Shia be unanimous insyd censuring Ijtihad insyd de field of law (Ahkam). After de Shiite embrace of various doctrines of Mu'tazila den classical Sunnite Fiqh (jurisprudence), dis lead to a change.[2][11] After de victory of de Usulis wey base law on principles (usul) over de Akhbaris ("traditionalists") wey dem emphasize on reports anaa traditions (khabar) by de 19th century, Ijtihad go cam be a mainstream Shia practice.[12]

References

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  1. ↑ "ijtihad". Collins English Dictionary (13th ed.). HarperCollins. 2018. ISBN 978-0-008-28437-4.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Rabb, Intisar A. (2009). "Ijtihād". In John L. Esposito (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-530513-5.
  3. ↑ John L. Esposito, ed. (2014). "Taqiyah". Ijtihad. The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-512558-0.
  4. ↑ John L. Esposito, ed. (2014). "Taqlid". The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-512558-0.
  5. ↑ sometimes spelt mojtahed
  6. ↑ B. Hallaq, Wael (March 1984). "Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 16 (1): 20, 33. doi:10.1017/S0020743800027598. JSTOR 162939. S2CID 159897995.
  7. ↑ Gould, Rebecca (January 2015). "Ijtihād against Madhhab: Legal Hybridity and the Meanings of Modernity in Early Modern Daghestan". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 57 (1): 50–51. doi:10.1017/S0010417514000590. JSTOR 43908333. S2CID 121170987.
  8. ↑ E. Campo, Juan (2009). Encyclopedia of Islam. New York: Facts On File, Inc. p. 346. ISBN 978-0-8160-5454-1. ..ijtihad has, in fact, been a key aspect of Islamic jurisprudence for centuries thereafter."
  9. ↑ B. Hallaq, Wael (March 1984). "Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 16 (1): 20. doi:10.1017/S0020743800027598. JSTOR 162939. S2CID 159897995.
  10. ↑ Haykel, Bernard (2014). "Chapter 1: On the Nature of Salafi Thought and Action". In Meijer, Roel (ed.). Global Salafism. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 USA: Oxford University Press. p. 34, 43, 51. ISBN 978-0-19-933343-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  11. ↑ Rahman, Fazlur (2000). REVIVAL AND REFORM IN ISLAM: A Study of Islamic Fundamentalism. Oxford, England: One World Publications Oxford. pp. 63–64. ISBN 1-85168-204-X.
  12. ↑ Mohammad Farzaneh, Mateo (2015). The Iranian Constitutional Revolution and the Clerical Leadership of Khurasani. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-8156-3388-4.
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