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Intellectual disability

From Wikipedia
intellectual disability
class of disease
Subclass ofspecific developmental disorder, cognitive deficit, disability, disease Edit
Health specialtypsychiatry, psychology, neurology, medical specialist for people with intellectual disability Edit
Genetic associationTUSC3, KALRN, SET Edit
Practiced bymedical specialist for people with intellectual disability Edit
ICD-9-CM319 Edit
ICPC 2 IDP85 Edit
NCI Thesaurus IDC84392, C97250 Edit

Intellectual disability (ID), dem sanso know am as general learning disability (insyd de United Kingdom),[1] den formerly mental retardation (insyd de United States),[2][3][4] be a generalized neurodevelopmental disorder wey be characterized by significant impairment insyd intellectual den adaptive functioning wey be first apparent during kiddie time. Kiddies plus intellectual disabilities typically get an intelligence quotient (IQ) below 70 den dey deficit insyd at least two adaptive behaviors wey dey affect everyday living. According to de DSM-5, intellectual functions dey include reasoning, problem solving, planning, abstract thinking, judgment, academic learning, den learning from experience.[5] Deficits insyd dese functions for be confirmed by clinical evaluation den individualized standard IQ testing. On de oda hand, adaptive behaviors dey include de social, developmental, den practical skills people learn to perform tasks insyd dema everyday lives.[6] Deficits insyd adaptive functioning often dey compromise an individual ein independence den ability to meet dema social responsibility.[7]

Intellectual disability be subdivided into syndromic intellectual disability, insyd wich intellectual deficits dem associate plus oda medical den behavioral signs and symptoms be present, den non-syndromic intellectual disability, insyd wich intellectual deficits dey appear widout oda abnormalities.[8] Down syndrome den fragile X syndrome be examples of syndromic intellectual disabilities.

Intellectual disability dey affect about 2–3% of de general population.[9] Seventy-five to ninety percent of de affected people get mild intellectual disability.[9] Non-syndromic, anaa idiopathic cases account for 30–50% of dese cases.[9] About a quarter of cases be caused by a genetic disorder,[9] den about 5% of cases be inherited.[10] Cases of unknown cause dey affect about 95 million people as of 2013.[11]

References

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  1. ↑ Tidy, Colin (25 January 2013). "General Learning Disability". Patient.info. Archived from the original on 27 June 2015. The term general learning disability is now used in the UK instead of terms such as mental handicap or mental retardation. The degree of disability can vary significantly, being classified as mild, moderate, severe or profound.
  2. ↑ "Mental retardation (term that has been replaced by intellectual developmental disorder) – GPnotebook". gpnotebook.com (in English). Retrieved 2024-07-08.
  3. ↑ Rosa's Law, Pub. L. 111-256, 124 Stat. 2643 (2010). (Archive)
  4. ↑ Ansberry, Clare (20 November 2010). "Erasing a Hurtful Label From the Books". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 27 June 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2010. Decades-long quest by disabilities advocates finally persuades state, federal governments to end official use of 'retarded'.
  5. ↑ "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders | Psychiatry Online". DSM Library (in English). doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596. Retrieved 2025-12-24.
  6. ↑ Boat, TF; Wu, JT, eds. (2015). "Clinical Characteristics of Intellectual Disabilities". Mental disorders and disabilities among low-income children. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-37685-3.
  7. ↑ Boat, Thomas F.; Wu, Joel T.; Disorders, Committee to Evaluate the Supplemental Security Income Disability Program for Children with Mental; Populations, Board on the Health of Select; Board on Children, Youth; Medicine, Institute of; Education, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and; The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering (2015-10-28), "Clinical Characteristics of Intellectual Disabilities", Mental Disorders and Disabilities Among Low-Income Children (in English), National Academies Press (US), retrieved 2024-04-13
  8. ↑ Barros, Isabela; Leão, Vito; Santis, Jessica O.; Rosa, Reginaldo; Brotto, Danielle B.; Storti, Camila; Siena, Ádamo; Molfetta, Greice; Silva Jr, Wilson A. (2021). "Non-Syndromic Intellectual Disability and Its Pathways: A Long Noncoding RNA Perspective". Non-Coding RNA. 7 (1): 22. doi:10.3390/ncrna7010022. PMC 8005948. PMID 33799572.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Daily DK, Ardinger HH, Holmes GE (February 2000). "Identification and evaluation of mental retardation". American Family Physician. 61 (4): 1059–67, 1070. PMID 10706158. Archived from the original on 2010-12-04.
  10. ↑ "Definition of mentally retarded". Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine.
  11. ↑ Vos T, Barber RM, Bell B, Bertozzi-Villa A, Biryukov S, Bolliger I, et al. (Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Collaborators) (August 2015). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. 386 (9995): 743–800. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60692-4. PMC 4561509. PMID 26063472.
[edit | edit source]
  • Facts about intellectual disabilities from the US Centers for Disease Control's National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities
  • Let's Work! A documentary about eight young people with IDD in California and their experiences with competitive integrated employment. Funded by the California State Council on Developmental Disabilities
Dem retrieve am from "https://gpe.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intellectual_disability&oldid=83104"