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Isfahan

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Isfahan
city of Iran, big city, metropolis, global city
Official nameاصفهان Edit
Native labelاصفهان‎ Edit
NicknameManchester of Persia, نصف جهان Edit
DemonymIsfahani Edit
Official languageFarsi Edit
ContinentAsia Edit
CountryIran Edit
Capital ofZiyarid dynasty, Kakuyids, Safavid Iran, Isfahan County, Isfahan Province Edit
Edey de administrative territorial entity insydCentral District Edit
Located in time zoneUTC+03:30 Edit
Located in or next to body of waterZayandeh River‎ Edit
Coordinate location32°39′9″N 51°40′30″E Edit
Government ein headAli Qasemzadeh Edit
Legislative bodyIslamic City Council of Isfahan Edit
Member ofCreative Cities Network, League of Historical Cities Edit
Significant eventSiege of Isfahan, Siege of Isfahan Edit
Postal code811 Edit
Dema official websitehttps://isfahan.ir/ Edit
History of topictimeline of Isfahan Edit
Economy of topiceconomy of Isfahan Edit
Local dialing code031, 0913 Edit
Category for the view of the itemCategory:Views of Isfahan Edit
Category for maps or plansCategory:Maps of Isfahan Edit
Map

Isfahan (Persian: اصفهان [esfæˈhɒːn]) be a city insyd de Central District of Isfahan County, Isfahan province, Iran. E be de capital of de province, de county, den de district.[1] E dey locate 440 kilometres (270 miles) south of Tehran.[2] De city get a population of approximately 2,238,000, wey dey make am de third-most populous city insyd Iran, after Tehran den Mashhad, den de second-largest metropolitan area.[3]

Isfahan dey locate at de intersection of de two principal routes wey traverse Iran, north–south den east–west. Isfahan flourish between de 9th den 18th centuries. Under de Safavid Empire, Isfahan cam be de capital of Iran, for de second time insyd ein history, under Abbas the Great. E be known for ein Persian–Muslim architecture, grand boulevards, dem cover bridges, palaces, tiled mosques, den minarets. Isfahan sanso get chaw historical buildings, monuments, paintings, den artifacts. De fame of Isfahan lead to de Persian proverb Esfahān nesf-e-jahān ast ('Isfahan be half de world').[4] Naqsh-e Jahan Square insyd Isfahan be one of de largest city squares insyd de world, den a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[5]

Isfahan be de second Iranian city to experience de highest volume den number of Israeli airstrikes during de Twelve-Day War.[6]

Religion

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Mosques

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  • Agha Nour mosque (16th century)
  • Hakim Mosque
  • Ilchi mosque
  • Jameh Mosque[7]
  • Jarchi mosque (1610)
  • Lonban mosque
  • Maghsoudbeyk mosque (1601)
  • Mohammad Jafar Abadei mosque (1878)
  • Rahim Khan mosque (19th century)
  • Roknolmolk mosque
  • Seyyed mosque (19th century)
  • Shah Mosque (Isfahan) (1629)[8]
  • Sheikh Lotf Allah Mosque (1618)
  • Agha Mirza Muhammad Baqir Chahar Suqi Mosque

Imamzadehs (shrine tombs)

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  • Imamzadeh Ahmad
  • Imamzadeh Esmaeil and Isaiah mausoleum
  • Imamzadeh Haroun-e-Velayat
  • Imamzadeh Ja'far
  • Imamzadeh Shah Zeyd

Churches den cathedrals

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  • St. Jakob Church (1607)
  • St. Georg Church (17th century),
  • St. Mary Church (1613)
  • Bedkhem Church (1627)
  • Vank Cathedral]] (1664).[9]

Synagogues

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  • Kenisa-ye Bozorg (Mirakhor's kenisa)
  • Kenisa-ye Molla Rabbi
  • Kenisa-ye Sang-bast
  • Mullah Jacob Synagogue
  • Mullah Neissan Synagogue
  • Kenisa-ye Keter David

Modern age

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Geography

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Climate

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Climate data for Isfahan (1991–2020, records 1951-present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 20.8
(69.4)		 26.9
(80.4)		 30.0
(86.0)		 35.3
(95.5)		 39.4
(102.9)		 42.1
(107.8)		 44.6
(112.3)		 43.8
(110.8)		 39.4
(102.9)		 34.0
(93.2)		 27.5
(81.5)		 23.4
(74.1)		 44.6
(112.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 10.0
(50.0)		 13.6
(56.5)		 18.0
(64.4)		 23.4
(74.1)		 29.2
(84.6)		 35.2
(95.4)		 37.6
(99.7)		 36.2
(97.2)		 32.4
(90.3)		 25.8
(78.4)		 17.1
(62.8)		 11.7
(53.1)		 24.2
(75.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 3.4
(38.1)		 6.8
(44.2)		 11.4
(52.5)		 16.8
(62.2)		 22.3
(72.1)		 27.9
(82.2)		 30.3
(86.5)		 28.5
(83.3)		 24.4
(75.9)		 17.9
(64.2)		 9.9
(49.8)		 4.9
(40.8)		 17.0
(62.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −2.8
(27.0)		 −0.1
(31.8)		 4.6
(40.3)		 9.7
(49.5)		 14.5
(58.1)		 19.2
(66.6)		 21.7
(71.1)		 19.5
(67.1)		 15.3
(59.5)		 9.6
(49.3)		 3.1
(37.6)		 −1.1
(30.0)		 9.4
(49.0)
Record low °C (°F) −19.4
(−2.9)		 −12.2
(10.0)		 −8.3
(17.1)		 −4.0
(24.8)		 4.5
(40.1)		 10.0
(50.0)		 13.0
(55.4)		 11.0
(51.8)		 5.0
(41.0)		 0.0
(32.0)		 −8.0
(17.6)		 −13.0
(8.6)		 −19.4
(−2.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 20.2
(0.80)		 15.9
(0.63)		 27.1
(1.07)		 20.8
(0.82)		 9.4
(0.37)		 1.7
(0.07)		 0.7
(0.03)		 0.3
(0.01)		 0.1
(0.00)		 3.2
(0.13)		 18.2
(0.72)		 18.2
(0.72)		 135.8
(5.37)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 7.7
(3.0)		 0.3
(0.1)		 0.1
(0.0)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.1
(0.0)		 2.4
(0.9)		 10.6
(4)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 3.6 2.7 3.8 3.6 1.6 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.7 2.6 3.2 22.3
Average snowy days 2.1 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 3.4
Average relative humidity (%) 56 43 37 35 29 19 19 20 22 33 48 59 35
Average dew point °C (°F) −5.8
(21.6)		 −6.3
(20.7)		 −4.9
(23.2)		 −0.6
(30.9)		 1.3
(34.3)		 0.8
(33.4)		 3.1
(37.6)		 2.5
(36.5)		 0.1
(32.2)		 −0.3
(31.5)		 −1.8
(28.8)		 −3.5
(25.7)		 −1.3
(29.7)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 210 228 255 262 317 358 356 358 322 286 217 199 3,368
Source 1: NOAA NCEI,[10] (snowfall 1981-2010)[11]
Source 2: Iran Meteorological Organization (records)[12]

Education den science

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Notable schools

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  • Chahar Bagh School (early 17th century)
  • Kordi[13]
  • Kassegaran school (1694)
  • Khajoo Madrasa
  • Nimavar School (1691)
  • Sadr Madrasa (19th century)

In total, der more dan 7,329 schools insyd Isfahan province.[14]

Colleges

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  • Isfahan University of Medical Sciences
  • American School of Isfahan
  • Isfahan University of Technology
  • Isfahan University of Art
  • Mohajer Technical And Vocational College of Isfahan
  • Payame Noor University
  • Islamic Azad University of Isfahan
  • Islamic Azad University of Najafabad
  • Islamic Azad University of Majlesi.

International relations

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Twin towns – sisto cities

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Isfahan be twinned plus:[15][16]

  1. China Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (1989)
  2. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (1997)
  3. Italy Florence, Italy (1998)
  4. Iași, Romania (1999)
  5. Barcelona, Spain
  6. Yerevan, Armenia (2000)
  7. Germany Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany (2000)
  8. Kuwait City, Kuwait (2000)
  9. Havana, Cuba (2001)
  10. Lahore, Pakistan (2004)
  11. Saint Petersburg, Russia (2004)
  12. Dakar, Senegal (2009)
  13. Baalbek, Lebanon (2010)
  14. Samarkand, Uzbekistan since July 2021
  15. Porto, Portugal since July 2021
  16. Kazan, Russia 2025 [17]
  17. Gyeongju, South Korea (2013)[18]

Cooperation agreements

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Isfahan dey cooperate plus:

  • Barcelona, Spain (2000)

In addition, de New Julfa quarter of Isfahan get friendly relations plus:[19]

  • Issy-les-Moulineaux, France (2018)

Notable people

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Music
  • Alireza Eftekhari (1956–), singer[20]
  • Leila Forouhar (1959–), pop singer[21]
  • Hassan Kassai (1928–2012), musician[22]
  • Saeidi brothers (born 1981), traditional singers[23]
  • Hassan Shamaizadeh (born 1943), singer-songwriter[24]
  • Jalil Shahnaz (1921–2013), tar soloist, a traditional Persian instrument[25]
Film
  • Rasul Sadr Ameli (1953–), director
  • Sara Bahrami (1983–), actor[26]
  • Homayoun Ershadi (1947–), Hollywood actor den architect
  • Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiari (1956–2001), de former princess of Iran den actress
  • Bahman Farmanara (1942–), director
  • Jahangir Forouhar (1916–1997), actor den poppie of Leila Forouhar (Iranian singer)
  • Mohamad Ali Keshvarz (1930–2020), actor[27]
  • Mahdi Pakdel (1980–), actor[28]
  • Nosratollah Vahdat (1925–2020), actor[29]
Craftsmen den painters
  • Mahmoud Farshchian (1930–2025), painter den miniaturist[30]
  • Bogdan Saltanov (1630s–1703), Russian icon painter of Isfahanian Armenian origin
Political figures
  • Ahmad Amir-Ahmadi (1906–1965), military leader den cabinet minister
  • Ayatollah Mohammad Beheshti (1928–1981), cleric, Chairman of de Council of Revolution of Iran[31]
  • Nusrat Bhutto (1929–2011), Chairman of Pakistan Peoples Party from 1979 to 1983; wifey of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto; mommie of Benazir Bhutto
  • Meir Ezri (1924–2015), Israeli ambassador to Tehran
  • Hossein Fatemi, PhD (1919–1954), politician, foreign minister insyd Mohamed Mossadegh ein cabinet
  • Mohammad-Ali Foroughi (1875–1942), politician den Prime Minister of Iran insyd de World War II era[32]
  • Dariush Forouhar (1928–1998), a founder den leader of de Hezb-e Mellat-e Iran (Nation of Iran Party)
  • Hossein Kharrazi (1957–1987), chief of de army insyd de Iran–Iraq War[33]
  • Mohsen Nourbakhsh (1948–2003), economist, Governor of de Central Bank of Iran
  • Mohammad Javad Zarif (1960–), Minister of Foreign Affairs den former Ambassador of Iran to de United Nations[34]
Religious figures
  • Al-Masih ad-Dajjal, Jewish Mosiach den figure insyd Islamic eschatology
  • Lady Amin (Banou Amin) (1886–1983), female jurisprudent, theologian den Muslim mystic ('arif), a Lady Mujtahideh
  • Amina Begum Bint al-Majlisi, female Safavid mujtahideh.
  • Ayatollah Mohammad Beheshti (1928–1981), cleric, Chairman of de Council of Revolution of Iran
  • Allamah al-Majlisi (1616–1698), Safavid cleric, Sheikh ul-Islam insyd Isfahan
  • Salman the Persian
  • Muhammad Ibn Manda (d. 1005 / AH 395), Sunni Hanbali scholar of hadith den historian
  • Abu Nu'aym Al-Ahbahani Al-Shafi'i (d. 1038 / AH 430), Sunni Shafi'i Scholar
  • Seyyed Ali Qazi Askar (1954) Iran ein supreme leader representative, insyd Haj
  • Fethullah Qa'ravi Isfahani (1850–1920), Qajar cleric, anti-British rebel
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References

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  1. ↑ Habibi, Hassan (21 June 1369). "Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Isfahan province, centered in the city of Isfahan". Lamtakam (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Board. Archived from the original on 4 February 2024. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
  2. ↑ "Distance Tehran > Isfahan - Air line, driving route, midpoint". www.distance.to (in American English). Archived from the original on 22 August 2022. Retrieved 2022-08-22.
  3. ↑ "اخبار راه‌آهن ایران: فهرست ایستگاه‌های راه‌آهن ایران". Rail News Iran. Archived from the original on 28 June 2021. Retrieved 2019-11-02.
  4. ↑ McKown, Robin (2 November 1975). "Isfahan Is Half The World". New York Times. Archived from the original on 23 July 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
  5. ↑ "Meidan Emam, Esfahan". United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Archived from the original on 2 October 2020. Retrieved September 9, 2021.
  6. ↑ "اصفهان جزو شهرهای دارای بیشترین حملات دشمن و کمترین آسیب‌ها بود". IRNA. Retrieved October 28, 2025.
  7. ↑ "Isfahan Jame(Congregative) mosque – BackPack". Fz-az.fotopages.com. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2009.
  8. ↑ "Isfahan's Shah Mosque: Important Iranian site damaged in restoration - BBC News". Bbc.com. 2021-08-13. Archived from the original on 19 July 2022. Retrieved 2022-07-19.
  9. ↑ "Archnet > Site > Surp Amenaprgich Vank". Archived from the original on 4 December 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  10. ↑ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Esfahan-40800" (CSV). ncei.noaa.gov. NOAA. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  11. ↑ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981-2010: Esfahan-40800". ncei.noaa.gov. NOAA. Archived from the original (XLS) on 20 November 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  12. ↑
  13. ↑ "Harati School". Archived from the original on 4 December 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  14. ↑ "پایگاه مدارس استان اصفهان". old.roshd.ir. Archived from the original on 30 December 2019. Retrieved 2020-10-06.
  15. ↑ "شهرهای خواهر". isfahan.ir (in Persian). Isfahan. Archived from the original on 18 June 2020. Retrieved 2020-06-18.
  16. ↑ "International Cooperation Center of Municipality of Isfahan Bagh Zereshk international affairs". Archived from the original on 3 May 2021. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  17. ↑ "Kazan and Isfahan become sister cities — RealnoeVremya.com". m.realnoevremya.com. Retrieved 2026-01-16.
  18. ↑ "SisterCities". Gyeongju. Archived from the original on 21 June 2020. Retrieved 2020-06-18.
  19. ↑ "Ispahan/Quartier de la Nouvelle-Jolfâ (Iran)". Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  20. ↑ "بیوگرافی علیرضا افتخاری". Archived from the original on 2014-03-05. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
  21. ↑ Saeid (18 April 2014). "بیوگرافی لیلا فروهر / عکس · جدید 96 -گهر". جدید ۱۴۰۳ -❤️ گهر. Archived from the original on 23 July 2017. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
  22. ↑ "Hassan Kassai". Archived from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
  23. ↑ "Saeidi vocalist brothers dedicate music video "Your Pure Way" to health workers". Theran Times. 14 May 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
  24. ↑ "بیوگرافی حسن شماعی‌زاده". Archived from the original on 31 August 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  25. ↑ "شهسوار تار". Archived from the original on 10 June 2017. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  26. ↑ "سارا بهرامی + بیوگرافی". Archived from the original on 29 August 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  27. ↑ "بیوگرافی "محمد علی کشاورز" + عکس". 9 September 2013. Archived from the original on 27 August 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  28. ↑ "بیوگرافی مهدی پاکدل و همسرش". نمناک. Archived from the original on 1 September 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  29. ↑ "گفتگو با نصرت‌الله وحدت در بهار 90 سالگی". نمناک. 24 April 2016. Archived from the original on 27 December 2018. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
  30. ↑ "مروری کوتاه بر زندگی‌نامه استاد محمود فرشچیان". Archived from the original on 2013-10-19. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  31. ↑ "زندگی‌نامه شهید بهشتی". Archived from the original on 9 September 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  32. ↑ "با "محمدعلی فروغی" بیشتر آشنا شوید". 28 August 2018. Archived from the original on 27 December 2018.
  33. ↑ "حسین خرازی که بود و چگونه به شهادت رسید؟". Archived from the original on 31 August 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  34. ↑ "ناشنیده‌هایی از زندگی "محمدجواد ظریف" در روز تولدش". Archived from the original on 17 August 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
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