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Jaundice

From Wikipedia
jaundice
clinical sign, signs den symptoms, health problem
Subclass ofclinical sign, abnormal skin coloration, skin and integumentary tissue symptom Edit
Health specialtyinternal medicine Edit
ICD-9-CM782.4 Edit
ICPC 2 IDD13 Edit
NCI Thesaurus IDC3143 Edit

Jaundice, dem sanso know as icterus, be a yellowish anaa, less frequently, greenish pigmentation of de skin den sclera secof high bilirubin levels.[1][2] Jaundice insyd adults typically dey indicate de presence of underlying diseases wey dey involve abnormal heme metabolism, liver dysfunction, anaa biliary-tract obstruction.[3] De prevalence of jaundice insyd adults be rare, while jaundice insyd babies be common, plus an estimated 80% e affect during dema first week of life.[4] De most commonly associated symptoms of jaundice be itchiness,[5] pale feces, den dark urine.[6]

Normal levels of bilirubin insyd blood be below 1.0 mg/dl (17 μmol/L), while levels over 2–3 mg/dl (34–51 μmol/L) typically dey result in jaundice.[6][7] Dem divide high blood bilirubin into two types: unconjugated den conjugated bilirubin.[8]

Causes of jaundice dey vary from relatively benign to potentially fatal.[8] High unconjugated bilirubin fi be secof excess red blood cell breakdown, large bruises, genetic conditions such as Gilbert's syndrome, no dey chop for a prolonged period of time, newborn jaundice, anaa thyroid problems.[6][8] High conjugated bilirubin fi be secof liver diseases such as cirrhosis anaa hepatitis, infections, medications, anaa blockage of de bile duct,[6] secof factors wey dey include gallstones, cancer, anaa pancreatitis.[6] Oda conditions sanso fi cause yellowish skin, buh no be jaundice, wey dey include carotenemia, wich fi develop from eating large amounts of foods wey dey contain carotene—anaa medications such as rifampin.[6]

Treatment of jaundice typically be determined by de underlying cause.[9] If a bile duct blockage be present, surgery typically be required; otherwise, management be medical.[9] Medical management fi involve treating infectious causes den dey stop medication wey fi be contributing to de jaundice.[9] Dem fi treat jaundice insyd newborns plus phototherapy anaa exchanged transfusion wey dey depend on age den prematurity wen de bilirubin be greater dan 4–21 mg/dl (68–365 μmol/L).[7] De itchiness fi be helped by draining de gallbladder, ursodeoxycholic acid, anaa opioid antagonists such as naltrexone.[5] De word jaundice be from de French jaunisse, wey dey mean 'yellow disease'.[10][11]

References

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  1. ↑ "Jaundice". MedlinePlus, US National Library of Medicine. 25 June 2025. Retrieved 24 October 2025.
  2. ↑ Buttaro TM, Trybulski JA, Polgar-Bailey P, Sandberg-Cook J (2012). Primary Care: A Collaborative Practice (in English) (4th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 690. ISBN 978-0-323-07585-5. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08.
  3. ↑ Al-Tubaikh JA (2017). Internal Medicine. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-39747-4. ISBN 978-3-319-39746-7.
  4. ↑ Kaplan, Michael; Hammerman, Cathy (2017). "Hereditary Contribution to Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia". Fetal and Neonatal Physiology. pp. 933–942.e3. doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-35214-7.00097-4. ISBN 978-0-323-35214-7.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Bassari R, Koea JB (February 2015). "Jaundice associated pruritis: a review of pathophysiology and treatment". World Journal of Gastroenterology. 21 (5): 1404–1413. doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i5.1404. PMC 4316083. PMID 25663760.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Roger J (2004). Oxford Textbook of Primary Medical Care (in English). Oxford University Press. p. 758. ISBN 978-0-19-856782-0. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Roger J (2004). Oxford Textbook of Primary Medical Care (in English). Oxford University Press. p. 758. ISBN 978-0-19-856782-0. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Winger J, Michelfelder A (September 2011). "Diagnostic approach to the patient with jaundice". Primary Care. 38 (3): viii, 469–482. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2011.05.004. PMID 21872092.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Ferri FF (2014). Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2015: 5 Books in 1 (in English). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 672. ISBN 978-0-323-08430-7. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08.
  10. ↑ Dr. Chase's Family Physician, Farrier, Bee-keeper, and Second Receipt Book: Being an Entirely New and Complete Treatise ... (in English). Chase Publishing Company. 1873. p. 542. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08.
  11. ↑ Sullivan, Kara M.; Gourley, Glenn R. (2011). "Jaundice". Pediatric Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. pp. 176–186.e3. doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-0774-8.10017-x. ISBN 978-1-4377-0774-8.
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