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Jerusalem
city
Part ofPalestine Edit
Year dem found am4. millennium BCE Edit
Official nameירושלים, أورشليم, القدس Edit
Native labelירושלים, القدس Edit
Dem name afterShalim Edit
ContinentAsia Edit
CountryIsrael, Palestine Edit
Capital ofIsrael, Palestine Edit
Edey de administrative territorial entity insydQuds Governorate, Jerusalem District Edit
Located in time zoneUTC+02:00, UTC+03:00 Edit
Coordinate location31°46′36″N 35°14′3″E Edit
Office head of government holdMayor of Jerusalem, Mayor of Jerusalem, Mayor of Jerusalem, alderman Edit
Government ein headMoshe Lion Edit
Legislative bodyMunicipality of Jerusalem Edit
Member ofLeague of Historical Cities, Organization of World Heritage Cities, Organization of Islamic Capitals and Cities, The Association of Palestinian Local Authorities APLA Edit
Language dem useArabic, Hebrew Edit
Present in workCivilization V, The Discovery of Heaven Edit
Postal code91000–91999 Edit
Dema official websitehttps://www.gov.il/en/pages/jerusalem Edit
Hashtagjerusalem Edit
Flagflag of Jerusalem Edit
Geography of topicgeography of Jerusalem Edit
History of topichistory of Jerusalem Edit
Economy of topiceconomy of Jerusalem Edit
Local dialing code2 Edit
Category for honorary citizens of entityQ7980963 Edit
Category for the view of the itemCategory:Views of Jerusalem Edit
Category for maps or plansCategory:Maps of Jerusalem Edit
Map

Jerusalem be a city insyd de Southern Levant, on a plateau insyd de Judaean Mountains between de Mediterranean den de Dead Sea. E be one of de oldest cities insyd de world wey e be considered holy to de three major Abrahamic religions: Judaism, Christianity den Islam. Both Israel den Palestine claim Jerusalem as dema capital city; Israel dey maintain ein primary governmental institutions der, while Palestine ultimately dey foresee am as ein seat of power. Neither claim widely be recognised internationally.[1]

Thru out ein long history, dem destroy Jerusalem at least twice, dem besiege am 23 times, dem capture den recapture am 44 times, wey dem attack am 52 times.[2] De part of Jerusalem dem call de City of David dey show first signs of settlement insyd de 4th millennium BCE, insyd de shape of encampments of nomadic shepherds.[3] During de Canaanite period (14th century BCE) dem name Jerusalem as Urusalim on ancient Egyptian tablets, probably dey mean "City of Shalem" after a Canaanite deity. During de Israelite period, significant construction activity insyd Jerusalem begin insyd de 10th century BCE (Iron Age II), den by de 9th century BCE de city develop into de religious den administrative centre of de Kingdom of Judah.[4] Insyd 1538 dem rebuild de city walls for a last time around Jerusalem under Suleiman the Magnificent of de Ottoman Empire. Today those walls dey define de Old City, wich since de 19th century dem divide into four quarters—de Armenian, Christian, Jewish den Muslim quarters.[5][6] De Old City cam be a World Heritage Site insyd 1981, wey e dey on de List of World Heritage in Danger.[7] Since 1860 Jerusalem grow far beyond de Old City ein boundaries. Insyd 2023 Jerusalem get a population of 1,028,366. Insyd 2022 60% be Jews wey almost 40% be Palestinians.[8] Insyd 2020 de population be 951,100, of wich Jews comprise 570,100 (59.9%), Muslims 353,800 (37.2%), Christians 16,300 (1.7%) den 10,800 unclassified (1.1%).[9]

According to de Hebrew Bible, King David conquer de city from de Jebusites wey he establish am as de capital of de United Kingdom of Israel, den ein son King Solomon commission de building of de First Temple.Modern scholars argue say Israelites branch out of de Canaanite peoples den culture thru de development of a distinct monolatrous—den later monotheistic—religion dem centre on El/Yahweh.[10][11] Dese foundational events assume central symbolic importance give de Jewish people.[12][13] De sobriquet of holy city (Hebrew: עיר הקודש, romanised: 'Ir ha-Qodesh) be probably attached to Jerusalem insyd post-exilic times.[14][15][16] De holiness of Jerusalem insyd Christianity, dem conserve insyd de Greek translation of de Hebrew Bible,[17] wich Christians adopt as de Old Testament,[18] be reinforced by de New Testament account of Jesus ein crucifixion den resurrection der. Meanwhile, insyd Islam, Jerusalem be de third-holiest city, after Mecca den Medina.[19][20] De city be de first standard direction give Muslim prayers,[21] den insyd Islamic tradition, Muhammad make ein Night Journey der insyd 621, wey he ascend to heaven wer he speak to God, per de Quran.[22] As a result, despite e get an area of 0.9 km2 (3⁄8 sq mi) per,[23] de Old City be home to chaw sites of seminal religious importance, among dem de Temple Mount plus ein Western Wall, Dome of the Rock den al-Aqsa Mosque, den de Church of the Holy Sepulchre.

At present, de status of Jerusalem remain one of de core issues insyd de Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Under de 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine, Jerusalem for be "established as a corpus separatum under a special international regime" wey de United Nations administer.[24] During de 1948 Arab–Israeli War, West Jerusalem dey among de areas dem incorporate into Israel, while East Jerusalem, wey dey include de Old City, be occupied den annexed by Jordan. Israel occupy East Jerusalem from Jordan during de 1967 Six-Day War den subsequently annex am into de city ein municipality, togeda plus additional surrounding territory.One of Israel ein Basic Laws, de 1980 Jerusalem Law, dey refer to Jerusalem as de country ein undivided capital. All branches of de Israeli government det locate insyd Jerusalem, wey dey include de Knesset (Israel ein parliament), de residences of de prime minister den president, den de Supreme Court. De international community reject de annexation as illegal den dey regard East Jerusalem as Palestinian territory wey Israel occupy.[25][26][27][28]

Geography

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Climate

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Climate data for Jerusalem (1991–2020 normals)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 24.4
(75.9)		 27.5
(81.5)		 32.7
(90.9)		 35.6
(96.1)		 38.6
(101.5)		 38.4
(101.1)		 40.6
(105.1)		 44.4
(111.9)		 42.7
(108.9)		 36.5
(97.7)		 32.6
(90.7)		 28.5
(83.3)		 44.4
(111.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 12.7
(54.9)		 14.0
(57.2)		 17.4
(63.3)		 22.0
(71.6)		 26.2
(79.2)		 28.6
(83.5)		 30.0
(86.0)		 30.3
(86.5)		 28.9
(84.0)		 25.9
(78.6)		 19.9
(67.8)		 14.9
(58.8)		 22.6
(72.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 9.8
(49.6)		 10.7
(51.3)		 13.4
(56.1)		 17.3
(63.1)		 21.2
(70.2)		 23.5
(74.3)		 25.0
(77.0)		 25.3
(77.5)		 24.0
(75.2)		 21.6
(70.9)		 16.4
(61.5)		 11.9
(53.4)		 18.3
(65.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 6.7
(44.1)		 7.3
(45.1)		 9.5
(49.1)		 12.5
(54.5)		 16.2
(61.2)		 18.3
(64.9)		 20.0
(68.0)		 20.2
(68.4)		 19.1
(66.4)		 17.3
(63.1)		 12.9
(55.2)		 8.8
(47.8)		 14.1
(57.3)
Record low °C (°F) −6.7
(19.9)		 −2.5
(27.5)		 −0.3
(31.5)		 0.8
(33.4)		 7.6
(45.7)		 11.0
(51.8)		 14.6
(58.3)		 15.5
(59.9)		 13.2
(55.8)		 9.8
(49.6)		 1.8
(35.2)		 −0.4
(31.3)		 −6.7
(19.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 136.8
(5.39)		 117.9
(4.64)		 67.2
(2.65)		 21.8
(0.86)		 7.1
(0.28)		 0.3
(0.01)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.7
(0.03)		 10.3
(0.41)		 51.1
(2.01)		 112.3
(4.42)		 525.5
(20.7)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 9.2 8.5 6.2 2.4 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.9 4.7 7.7 41.6
Average relative humidity (%) 61 59 52 39 35 37 40 40 40 42 48 56 46
Mean monthly sunshine hours 192.9 243.6 226.3 266.6 331.7 381.0 384.4 365.8 309.0 275.9 228.0 192.2 3,397.4
Source 1: Israel Meteorological Service (records until 1990)[29][30]
Source 2: NOAA (normal values & records, 1991–2020)[31] (sun, 1961–1990)[32][33]

Religious significance

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Twin towns—sisto cities

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Jerusalem be twinned plus:

East Jerusalem (Wey Palestine administer):

West Jerusalem (Wey Israel administer):

References

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  1. ↑ Smith, William (6 December 2017). "Donald Trump confirms US will recognise Jerusalem as capital of Israel". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 5 October 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  2. ↑ "Do We Divide the Holiest Holy City?". Moment Magazine. Archived from the original on 3 June 2008. Retrieved 5 March 2008. According to Eric H. Cline's tally in Jerusalem Besieged.
  3. ↑ Greenberg, Raphael; Mizrachi, Yonathan (10 September 2013). "From Shiloah to Silwan—A Visitor's Guide". Emek Shaveh. Archived from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
  4. ↑ Sergi, Omer (2023). The Two Houses of Israel: State Formation and the Origins of Pan-Israelite Identity. SBL Press. p. 197. ISBN 978-1-62837-345-5. Archived from the original on 24 October 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
  5. ↑ Ben-Arieh, Yehoshua (1984). Jerusalem in the 19th Century, The Old City. Yad Izhak Ben Zvi & St. Martin's Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-312-44187-6.
  6. ↑ Teller, Matthew (2022). Nine Quarters of Jerusalem: A New Biography of the Old City. Profile Books. p. Chapter 1. ISBN 978-1-78283-904-0. Archived from the original on 9 June 2023. Retrieved 30 May 2023. What wasn't corrected, though—and what, in retrospect, should have raised much more controversy than it did (it seems to have passed completely unremarked for the last 170-odd years)—was [Aldrich and Symonds's] map's labelling. Because here, newly arcing across the familiar quadrilateral of Jerusalem, are four double labels in bold capitals. At top left Haret En-Nassara and, beneath it, Christian Quarter; at bottom left Haret El-Arman and Armenian Quarter; at bottom centre Haret El-Yehud and Jews' Quarter; and at top right—the big innovation, covering perhaps half the city—Haret El-Muslimin and Mohammedan Quarter, had shown this before. Every map has shown it since. The idea, in 1841, of a Mohammedan (that is, Muslim) quarter of Jerusalem is bizarre. It's like a Catholic quarter of Rome. A Hindu quarter of Delhi. Nobody living there would conceive of the city in such a way. At that time, and for centuries before and decades after, Jerusalem was, if the term means anything at all, a Muslim city. Many people identified in other ways, but large numbers of Jerusalemites were Muslim and they lived all over the city. A Muslim quarter could only have been dreamt up by outsiders, searching for a handle on a place they barely understood, intent on asserting their own legitimacy among a hostile population, seeing what they wanted to see. Its only purpose could be to draw attention to what it excludes.
  7. ↑ "Old City of Jerusalem and its Walls". UNESCO World Heritage Convention. Archived from the original on 4 August 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
  8. ↑ "Selected Data on the Occasion of Jerusalem Day, 2022". cbs.gov.il. 26 May 2022. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  9. ↑ "Table III/9—Population in Israel and in Jerusalem, by Religion, 1988–2020" (PDF). jerusaleminstitute.org.il. 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
  10. ↑ Tubb (1998), pp. 13–14.
  11. ↑ Mark Smith in "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel" states "Despite the long regnant model that the Canaanites and Israelites were people of fundamentally different culture, archaeological data now casts doubt on this view. The material culture of the region exhibits numerous common points between Israelites and Canaanites in the Iron I period (c. 1200–1000 BCE). The record would suggest that the Israelite culture largely overlapped with and derived from Canaanite culture... In short, Israelite culture was largely Canaanite in nature. Given the information available, one cannot maintain a radical cultural separation between Canaanites and Israelites for the Iron I period." (pp. 6–7). Smith, Mark (2002) "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel" (Eerdman's)
  12. ↑ Since the 10th century BCE:
  13. ↑ "Basic Facts you should know: Jerusalem". Anti-Defamation League. 2007. Archived from the original on 4 January 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2007. The Jewish people are inextricably bound to the city of Jerusalem. No other city has played such a dominant role in the history, politics, culture, religion, national life and consciousness of a people as has Jerusalem in the life of Jewry and Judaism."
  14. ↑ Reinoud Oosting, The Role of Zion/Jerusalem in Isaiah 40–55: A Corpus-Linguistic Approach, p. 117, at Google Books Brill 2012 pp. 117–18. Isaiah 48:2; 51:1; Nehemiah 11:1, 18; cf. Joel 4:17: Daniel 5:24. The Isaiah section where they occur belong to deutero-Isaiah.
  15. ↑ Shalom M. Paul, Isaiah 40–66, p. 306, at Google Books The 'holiness' (qodesh) arises from the temple in its midst, the root q-d-š referring to a sanctuary. The concept is attested in Mesopotamian literature, and the epithet may serve to distinguish Babylon, the city of exiles, from the city of the Temple, to where they are enjoined to return.
  16. ↑ Golb, Norman (1997). "Karen Armstrong's Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths". The Bible and Interpretation. Archived from the original on 11 October 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2013. The available texts of antiquity indicate that the concept was created by one or more personalities among the Jewish spiritual leadership, and that this occurred no later than the 6th century B.C.
  17. ↑ Isaiah 52:1 πόλις ἡ ἁγία.
  18. ↑ Joseph T. Lienhard, The Bible, the Church, and Authority: The Canon of the Christian Bible in History and Theology, Liturgical Press, 1995 pp. 65–66: 'The Septuagint is a Jewish translation and was also used in the synagogue. But at the end of the first century C.E. many Jews ceased to use the Septuagint because the early Christians had adopted it as their own translation, and it began to be considered a Christian translation.'
  19. ↑ Third-holiest city in Islam:
  20. ↑ Middle East peace plans by Willard A. Beling: "The Aqsa Mosque on the Temple Mount is the third holiest site in Sunni Islam after Mecca and Medina".
  21. ↑ Lewis, Bernard; Holt, P. M.; Lambton, Ann, eds. (1986). Cambridge History of Islam. Cambridge University Press.
  22. ↑ Buchanan, Allen (2004). States, Nations, and Borders: The Ethics of Making Boundaries. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52575-6. Retrieved 9 June 2008.
  23. ↑ Kollek, Teddy (1977). "Afterword". In John Phillips (ed.). A Will to Survive—Israel: The Faces of the Terror 1948-the Faces of Hope Today. Dial Press/James Wade. about 91 hectares (225 acres)
  24. ↑ "A/RES/181(II) of 29 November 1947". United Nations General Assembly. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 3 December 2024.
  25. ↑ "Resolution 298 September 25, 1971". United Nations. 25 September 1971. Archived from the original on 19 August 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2018. Recalling its resolutions... concerning measures and actions by Israel designed to change the status of the Israeli-occupied section of Jerusalem,...
  26. ↑ "The status of Jerusalem" (PDF). The Question of Palestine & the United Nations. United Nations Department of Public Information. 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2019. East Jerusalem has been considered, by both the General Assembly and the Security Council, as part of the occupied Palestinian territory.
  27. ↑ "Israeli authorities back 600 new East Jerusalem homes". BBC News. 26 February 2010. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2013.
  28. ↑ "Israel plans 1,300 East Jerusalem Jewish settler homes". BBC News. 9 November 2010. Archived from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018. East Jerusalem is regarded as occupied Palestinian territory by the international community, but Israel says it is part of its territory.
  29. ↑ "Long Term Climate Information for Israel". August 2016. Archived from the original on 14 September 2010.Template:In lang
  30. ↑ "Record Data in Israel". Archived from the original on 24 January 2010.Template:In lang
  31. ↑ "WMO Climate Normals for Jerusalem 1991–2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  32. ↑ "Jerusalem Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 2017-10-19. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
  33. ↑ "40183: Jerusalem Centre (Israel)". ogimet.com. OGIMET. 5 November 2025. Retrieved 9 November 2025.
  34. ↑ "Brotherhood & Friendship Agreements". cairo.gov.eg. Cairo. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
  35. ↑ "Amid Violence in Holy City, Durable Social, Political Solutions Encouraged as International Conference on Question of Jerusalem Opens in Jakarta". un.org. United Nations. 2015-12-14. Archived from the original on 21 July 2021. Retrieved 2021-07-21.
  36. ↑ "گذری بر خواهرخوانده تهران در شرق اروپا". isna.ir (in Persian). Iranian Students' News Agency. 2018-03-21. Archived from the original on 28 May 2021. Retrieved 2020-06-18.
  37. ↑ "توقيع أتفاقية توأمة بين نواكشوط والقدس". ami.mr (in Arabic). Agence Mauritanienne d'Information. 2012-05-31. Archived from the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved 2020-10-22.
  38. ↑ "Twin Towns". fescity.com. Fes City. 8 January 2019. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  39. ↑ "La ville d'Oujda jumelée à Al-Qods". 2m.ma (in French). 2018-07-17. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 2020-10-22.
  40. ↑ "Lei Nº3322 de 27 de Outubro de 2017" (PDF). niteroi.rj.gov.br (in Portuguese). Niterói. 28 October 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 April 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  41. ↑ "Lei Nº 5919 DE 17/07/2015". legisweb.com.br (in Portuguese). Legisweb. 19 May 2017. Archived from the original on 10 July 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  42. ↑ "Salvador se torna cidade-irmã de Jerusalém". atarde.com.br (in Portuguese). A Tarde. 31 October 2019. Archived from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  43. ↑ "International Exchange: List of Sister Cities". pref.kyoto.jp. Kyoto Prefecture. Archived from the original on 19 September 2018. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  44. ↑ The 9th General Conference of Mayors for Peace, Mayors for Peace, August 8, 2017. Accessed February 23, 2026. "Introduction of Peace Activities 5: Mr. Zenya Yamazaki, Mayor of Ayabe, Japan... Why is it that Ayabe took the initiative of starting the Middle East Peace Project? It is because Jerusalem is our sister city."
  45. ↑ "Ciudades Hermanas de Cusco". aatccusco.com (in Spanish). Asociación de Agencias de Turismo del Cusco. Archived from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  46. ↑ "Sister City Agreements". jerseycitynj.gov. Jersey City. Archived from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  47. ↑ "Mayor Adams Signs Sister City Agreement Between New York City And Athens, Greece". Office of Mayor of the City of New York. 1 December 2022. Archived from the original on 5 March 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
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Dem retrieve am from "https://gpe.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerusalem&oldid=93028"