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Ketamine

From Wikipedia
ketamine
group of stereoisomers
Subclass ofmonochlorobenzene, cyclohexanones, secondary amine Edit
Part ofresponse to ketamine Edit
Get useMedication, Ketamine-assisted psychotherapy Edit
Studied byketamine in depression Edit
Chemical formulaC₁₃H₁₆ClNO Edit
Canonical SMILESCNC1(CCCCC1=O)C2=CC=CC=C2Cl Edit
Medical condition treatedpain, substance abuse Edit
Pregnancy categoryAustralian pregnancy category B3, US pregnancy category C Edit
LiverTox likelihood scoreLiverTox toxicity likelihood category B Edit
By-productCanKet Edit

Ketamine be a dissociative anesthetic dem use medically for induction den maintenance of anesthesia. Dem sanso dey use am as a treatment for depression den insyd pain management.[1] Ketamine be an NMDA receptor antagonist wich dey account for chaw of ein psychoactive effects.[2]

Pharmacology

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Molecular targets

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Ketamine den biological targets (plus Ki below 100 μM)
Site Value (μM) Type Action Species Ref
NMDA (N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor) 0.25–0.66 Ki Antagonist Human [3][4]
MOR(μ-Opioid receptor) 42 Ki Antagonist Human [5]
MOR2 (μ-Opioid receptor) 12.1 Ki Antagonist Human [6]
KOR (κ-Opioid receptor) 28

25

Ki

Ki

Antagonist

Agonist

Human [5]

[7]

σ2 26 Ki ND (No data) Rat [8]
D2 receptor (D2) 0.5

>10

Ki

Ki

Agonist

ND (No data)

Human [9]

[4][10]

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 (M1) 45 Ki ND (No data) Human [11]
α2β2 (Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor) 92 IC50 Antagonist Human [12]
α2β4 (Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor) 29 IC50 Antagonist Human [12]
Alpha-3 beta-2 nicotinic receptor (α3β2) 50 IC50 Antagonist Human [12]
Alpha-3 beta-4 nicotinic receptor (α3β4) 9.5 IC50 Antagonist Human [12]
Alpha-4 beta-2 nicotinic receptor (α4β2) 72 IC50 Antagonist Human [12]
Alpha-4 beta-4 nicotinic receptor (α4β4) 18 IC50 Antagonist Human [12]
Alpha-7 nicotinic receptor (α7) 3.1 (Hydroxynorketamine) IC50 Negative allosteric modulation (NAM) Rat [13]
ERα (Estrogen receptor alpha) 0.34 Ki ND (No data) Human [14]
NET (Norepinephrine transporter) 82–291 IC50 Inhibitor Human [15][16]
DAT (Dopamine transporter) 63 Ki Inhibitor Rat [15]
HCN1 (Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 1) 8–16 EC50 Inhibitor Mouse [17]
TRPV1 1-100 Ki Agonist Rat [18]
De smaller de value, de stronger de interaction plus de site.

References

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  1. ↑ Sachdeva B, Sachdeva P, Ghosh S, Ahmad F, Sinha JK (March 2023). "Ketamine as a therapeutic agent in major depressive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder: Potential medicinal and deleterious effects". Ibrain (in English). 9 (1): 90–101. doi:10.1002/ibra.12094. ISSN 2769-2795. PMC 10528797. PMID 37786516. S2CID 257117630.
  2. ↑ Zanos P, Moaddel R, Morris PJ, Riggs LM, Highland JN, Georgiou P, Pereira EF, Albuquerque EX, Thomas CJ, Zarate CA, Gould TD (July 2018). "Ketamine and Ketamine Metabolite Pharmacology: Insights into Therapeutic Mechanisms". Pharmacol Rev. 70 (3): 621–660. doi:10.1124/pr.117.015198. PMC 6020109. PMID 29945898.
  3. ↑ Morris PJ, Moaddel R, Zanos P, Moore CE, Gould TD, Zarate CA, Thomas CJ (September 2017). "Synthesis and N-Methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) Receptor Activity of Ketamine Metabolites". Organic Letters. 19 (17): 4572–4575. doi:10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02177. PMC 5641405. PMID 28829612.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Roth BL, Gibbons S, Arunotayanun W, Huang XP, Setola V, Treble R, Iversen L (2013). "The ketamine analogue methoxetamine and 3- and 4-methoxy analogues of phencyclidine are high affinity and selective ligands for the glutamate NMDA receptor". PLOS ONE. 8 (3): e59334. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...859334R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059334. PMC 3602154. PMID 23527166.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Hirota K, Okawa H, Appadu BL, Grandy DK, Devi LA, Lambert DG (January 1999). "Stereoselective interaction of ketamine with recombinant mu, kappa, and delta opioid receptors expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells". Anesthesiology. 90 (1): 174–82. doi:10.1097/00000542-199901000-00023. PMID 9915326.
  6. ↑ Hirota K, Sikand KS, Lambert DG (1999). "Interaction of ketamine with mu2 opioid receptors in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells". Journal of Anesthesia. 13 (2): 107–9. doi:10.1007/s005400050035. PMID 14530949. S2CID 9322174.
  7. ↑ Nemeth CL, Paine TA, Rittiner JE, Béguin C, Carroll FI, Roth BL, Cohen BM, Carlezon WA (June 2010). "Role of kappa-opioid receptors in the effects of salvinorin A and ketamine on attention in rats". Psychopharmacology (Berl). 210 (2): 263–74. doi:10.1007/s00213-010-1834-7. PMC 2869248. PMID 20358363.
  8. ↑ Robson MJ, Elliott M, Seminerio MJ, Matsumoto RR (April 2012). "Evaluation of sigma (σ) receptors in the antidepressant-like effects of ketamine in vitro and in vivo". Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 22 (4): 308–17. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.08.002. PMID 21911285. S2CID 24494428.
  9. ↑ Kapur S, Seeman P (2002). "NMDA receptor antagonists ketamine and PCP have direct effects on the dopamine D(2) and serotonin 5-HT(2)receptors-implications for models of schizophrenia". Molecular Psychiatry. 7 (8): 837–44. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001093. PMID 12232776.
  10. ↑ Can A, Zanos P, Moaddel R, Kang HJ, Dossou KS, Wainer IW, Cheer JF, Frost DO, Huang XP, Gould TD (October 2016). "Effects of Ketamine and Ketamine Metabolites on Evoked Striatal Dopamine Release, Dopamine Receptors, and Monoamine Transporters". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 359 (1): 159–70. doi:10.1124/jpet.116.235838. PMC 5034706. PMID 27469513.
  11. ↑ Hirota K, Hashimoto Y, Lambert DG (December 2002). "Interaction of intravenous anesthetics with recombinant human M1-M3 muscarinic receptors expressed in chinese hamster ovary cells". Anesth Analg. 95 (6): 1607–10, table of contents. doi:10.1097/00000539-200212000-00025. PMID 12456425. S2CID 25643394.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 Yamakura T, Chavez-Noriega LE, Harris RA (April 2000). "Subunit-dependent inhibition of human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and other ligand-gated ion channels by dissociative anesthetics ketamine and dizocilpine". Anesthesiology. 92 (4): 1144–53. doi:10.1097/00000542-200004000-00033. PMID 10754635. S2CID 23651917.
  13. ↑ Moaddel R, Abdrakhmanova G, Kozak J, Jozwiak K, Toll L, Jimenez L, Rosenberg A, Tran T, Xiao Y, Zarate CA, Wainer IW (January 2013). "Sub-anesthetic concentrations of (R,S)-ketamine metabolites inhibit acetylcholine-evoked currents in α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors". Eur J Pharmacol. 698 (1–3): 228–34. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.11.023. PMC 3534778. PMID 23183107.
  14. ↑ Ho MF, Correia C, Ingle JN, Kaddurah-Daouk R, Wang L, Kaufmann SH, Weinshilboum RM (June 2018). "Ketamine and ketamine metabolites as novel estrogen receptor ligands: Induction of cytochrome P450 and AMPA glutamate receptor gene expression". Biochemical Pharmacology. 152: 279–292. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2018.03.032. PMC 5960634. PMID 29621538.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Nishimura M, Sato K, Okada T, Yoshiya I, Schloss P, Shimada S, Tohyama M (March 1998). "Ketamine inhibits monoamine transporters expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells". Anesthesiology. 88 (3): 768–74. doi:10.1097/00000542-199803000-00029. PMID 9523822. S2CID 30159489.
  16. ↑ Zhao Y, Sun L (November 2008). "Antidepressants modulate the in vitro inhibitory effects of propofol and ketamine on norepinephrine and serotonin transporter function". J Clin Neurosci. 15 (11): 1264–9. doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2007.11.007. PMC 2605271. PMID 18815045.
  17. ↑ Chen X, Shu S, Bayliss DA (January 2009). "HCN1 channel subunits are a molecular substrate for hypnotic actions of ketamine". The Journal of Neuroscience. 29 (3): 600–9. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3481-08.2009. PMC 2744993. PMID 19158287.
  18. ↑ da Costa FL, Pinto MC, Santos DC, Carobin NV, de Jesus IC, Ferreira LA, Guatimosim S, Silva JF, Castro Junior CJ (December 2020). "Ketamine potentiates TRPV1 receptor signaling in the peripheral nociceptive pathways". Biochemical Pharmacology. 182: 114210. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114210. PMID 32882205. S2CID 221497233.
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Wikimedia Commons get media wey relate to Ketamine.
  • "Ketamine". Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA).
  • "Ketamine". National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA).
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