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Lead poisoning

From Wikipedia
lead poisoning
type of disease
Subclass ofmetal poisoning, occupational disease, chemical hazard, rare intoxication Edit
Has causelead, lead compound Edit
Has effectBurton line Edit
Health specialtyemergency medicine Edit
Medical examinationblood lead level Edit
Drug or therapy used for treatmentD-penicillamine, succimer, dimercaprol Edit
First aid measuresartificial respiration, immediate eye irrigation, prompt water flush with soap, immediate medical attention Edit
Route of administrationinhalation administration, eye contact, skin absorption, ingestion Edit
WordLift URLhttp://data.medicalrecords.com/medicalrecords/healthwise/lead_poisoning Edit
ICD-9-CM984.8, 984.9 Edit

Lead poisoning, dem sanso know as plumbism den saturnism, be a type of metal poisoning wey de presence of lead insyd de human body cause.[1] Symptoms of lead poisoning fi include abdominal pain, constipation, headaches, irritability, memory problems, infertility, numbness den tingling insyd de hands den feet.[2] Lead poisoning dey cause almost 10% of intellectual disability of otherwise unknown cause wey fi result in behavioral problems.[1] Sam of de effects be permanent.[1] Insyd severe cases, anemia, seizures, coma, anaa death fi occur.[1][2]

Exposure to lead fi occur thru contaminated air, water, dust, food, anaa consumer products.[1] Lead poisoning dey pose a significantly increased risk to kiddies den pets as dem be far more likely to ingest lead indirectly by chewing on toys anaa oda objects wey be coated in lead paint.[1] Additionally, kiddies dey absorb greater quantities of lead from ingested sources dan adults. Exposure at work be a common cause of lead poisoning insyd adults, plus certain occupations at particular risk.[3] Diagnosis typically be by measurement of de blood lead level.[1] De Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US) set de upper limit for blood lead for adults at 10 μg/dL (10 μg/100 g) den for kiddies at 3.5 μg/dL;[4] before October 2021 de limit be 5 μg/dL.[5][6] Elevated lead sanso be detected by changes insyd red blood cells anaa dense lines insyd de bones of kiddies as seen on X-ray.[7]

Lead poisoning be preventable.[1] Dis dey include individual efforts such as removing lead-containing items from de home,[8] workplace efforts such as improved ventilation den monitoring,[9] state den national policies wey ban lead insyd products such as paint, gasoline, ammunition, wheel weights, den fishing weights, reduce allowable levels insyd water anaa soil, den provide for cleanup of contaminated soil.[1][7] Workers' education fi be helpful as well.[10] De major treatments be removal of de source of lead den de use of medications wey bind lead so e fi be eliminated from de body, dem know as chelation therapy.[7] Chelation therapy insyd kiddies be recommended wen blood levels be greater dan 40–45 μg/dL.[7][11] Medications dem use include dimercaprol, edetate calcium disodium, den succimer.[3]

Insyd 2021, na 1.5 million deaths worldwide be attributed to lead exposure.[12] E dey occur most commonly insyd de developing world.[1] An estimated 800 million kiddies get blood lead levels over 5 μg/dL insyd low- and middle-income nations, though comprehensive public health data remain inadequate.[13] Thousands of American communities fi get higher lead burdens dan those dem see during de peak of de Flint water crisis.[14] Those wey be poor be at greater risk.[1] Lead be believed to result in 0.6% of de world ein disease burden.[8] Half of de US population be exposed to substantially detrimental lead levels insyd early kiddie time, mainly from car exhaust, from wich lead pollution peak insyd de 1970s wey e cause widespread loss insyd cognitive ability.[15][16] Globally, over 15% of kiddies be known dem get blood lead levels (BLL) of over 10 μg/dL, at wich point clinical intervention strongly be indicated.[17]

Na people dey mine den dey use lead for thousands of years.[7] Descriptions of lead poisoning dey date to at least 200 BC,[7] while efforts to limit lead ein use dey date back to at least de 16th century.[8] Concerns give low levels of exposure begin insyd de 1970s, wen e cam be understood say secof ein bioaccumulative nature, der be no safe threshold give lead exposure.[1][7][18]

References

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "Lead poisoning and health". WHO. September 2016. Archived from the original on 18 October 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
  2. 1 2 "Lead Information for Workers". CDC. 30 September 2013. Archived from the original on 18 October 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
  3. 1 2 Gracia RC, Snodgrass WR (January 2007). "Lead toxicity and chelation therapy". American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy. 64 (1): 45–53. doi:10.2146/ajhp060175. PMID 17189579.
  4. ↑ "CDC Updates Blood Lead Reference Value for Children". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 28 October 2021. Archived from the original on Sep 22, 2023.
  5. ↑ "Blood Lead Reference Value | Lead" (in American English). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2021-10-28. Retrieved 2021-12-01.
  6. ↑ The Code of Federal Regulations of the United States of America. U.S. Government Printing Office. 2005. p. 116. Archived from the original on 2017-11-05.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Dapul H, Laraque D (August 2014). "Lead poisoning in children". Advances in Pediatrics. 61 (1): 313–33. doi:10.1016/j.yapd.2014.04.004. PMID 25037135.
  8. 1 2 3 Needleman H (2004). "Lead poisoning". Annual Review of Medicine. 55: 209–22. doi:10.1146/annurev.med.55.091902.103653. PMID 14746518.
  9. ↑ "Lead Information for Employers". CDC. 30 September 2013. Archived from the original on 18 October 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
  10. ↑ Allaouat, Sarah (2020). "Educational interventions for preventing lead poisoning in workers. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2020". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020 (8) CD013097. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD013097.pub2. PMC 8095058. PMID 35819457. S2CID 226951902.
  11. ↑ "What Do Parents Need to Know to Protect Their Children?". CDC. 30 October 2012. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
  12. ↑ "Lead poisoning". www.who.int (in English). Retrieved 2024-12-06.
  13. ↑ Champion, Wyatt M.; Khaliq, Mahmooda; Mihelcic, James R. (2022-11-08). "Advancing Knowledge to Reduce Lead Exposure of Children in Data-Poor Low- and Middle-Income Countries". Environmental Science & Technology Letters. 9 (11): 879–888. Bibcode:2022EnSTL...9..879C. doi:10.1021/acs.estlett.2c00656.
  14. ↑ Laborers' Health and Safety Fund of North America (11 February 2017). "Thousands of US Cities Have Worse Lead Problems Than Flint". Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  15. ↑ "Lead exposure in last century shrunk IQ scores of half of Americans". Duke University (in English). Retrieved 18 April 2022.
  16. ↑ McFarland, Michael J.; Hauer, Matt E.; Reuben, Aaron (15 March 2022). "Half of US population exposed to adverse lead levels in early childhood". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (in English). 119 (11) e2118631119. Bibcode:2022PNAS..11918631M. doi:10.1073/pnas.2118631119. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 8931364. PMID 35254913.
  17. ↑ Dissanayake, Vinodinee; Erickson, Timothy B. (29 Jun 2012). "Ball and chain: The global burden of lead poisoning". Clinical Toxicology. 50 (6): 528–531. doi:10.3109/15563650.2012.698018. PMID 22746385 – via Taylor & Francis Online.
  18. ↑ Needleman, Herbert L.; Gunnoe, Charles; Leviton, Alan; Reed, Robert; Peresie, Henry; Maher, Cornelius; Barrett, Peter (29 March 1979). "Deficits in Psychologic and Classroom Performance of Children with Elevated Dentine Lead Levels". New England Journal of Medicine. 300 (13): 689–695. doi:10.1056/NEJM197903293001301. PMID 763299. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
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