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Lysergic acid diethylamide

From Wikipedia
lysergic acid diethylamide
type of chemical entity
Subclass oftryptamines, phenethylamine Edit
Get usedrug, Medication Edit
Discoverer or inventorAlbert Hofmann Edit
Time of discovery anaa invention1948 Edit
Stereoisomer ofL-lysergide, isolysergic acid diethylamide Edit
Chemical formulaC₂₀H₂₅N₃O Edit
Canonical SMILESCCN(CC)C(=O)C1CN(C2CC3=CNC4=CC=CC(=C34)C2=C1)C Edit
Isomeric SMILESCCN(CC)C(=O)[C@H]1CN([C@@H]2CC3=CNC4=CC=CC(=C34)C2=C1)C Edit
World Health Organisation international non-proprietary namelysergide Edit
Found insyd taxonClaviceps Edit
Physically dey interact plus5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A, 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A, 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B, 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C, 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6 Edit
Route of administrationsublingual administration Edit
Pregnancy categoryUS pregnancy category C Edit
Connects with5-HT receptor Edit
Subject has rolehallucinogen Edit

Lysergic acid diethylamide, dem commonly know as LSD (from German Lysergsäurediethylamid) den by de slang names acid den lucy, be a semisynthetic hallucinogenic drug dem derive from ergot, dem know for ein powerful psychological effects den serotonergic activity.[1] Na dem historically use am insyd psychiatry den 1960s counterculture; e be currently legally restricted buh dey experience renewed scientific interest den increasing use.

When dem take orally, LSD get an onset of action within 0.4 to 1.0 hours (range: 0.1–1.8 hours) den a duration of effect wey dey last 7 to 12 hours (range: 4–22 hours).[2][3] Dem commonly dey administer am via tabs of blotter paper.[4] LSD be extremely potent, plus noticeable effects at doses as low as 20 micrograms wey dem sam times dey take am insyd much smaller amounts for microdosing. Despite widespread use, dem no document fatal human overdoses. Dem mainly dey use LSD recreationally anaa for spiritual purposes.[5][6] LSD fi cause mystical experiences.[7][8] LSD dey exert ein effects primarily thru high-affinity wey dey bind to chaw serotonin receptors, especially 5-HT2A, den to a lesser extent dopaminergic den adrenergic receptors. LSD dey reduce oscillatory power insyd de brain ein default mode network den dey flatten brain hierarchy.[9][10] At higher doses, e fi induce visual den auditory hallucinations, ego dissolution, den anxiety.[11][12] LSD use fi cause adverse psychological effects such as paranoia den delusions den fi lead to persistent visual disturbances dem know as hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD).

Na Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann first synthesize LSD insyd 1938 wey na he discover ein powerful psychedelic effects insyd 1943 after accidental ingestion. Na e cam be widely studied insyd de 1950s den 1960s.[5][13] Na dem initially explore am for psychiatric use secof ein structural similarity to serotonin den safety profile.[14] Na dem use am experimentally insyd psychiatry for treating alcoholism den schizophrenia.[15] By de mid-1960s, na LSD cam be central to de youth counterculture insyd places like San Francisco den London, dey influence art, music, den social movements thru events like Acid Tests den figures such as Owsley Stanley den Michael Hollingshead. Na ein psychedelic effects inspire distinct visual art styles, music innovations, wey na e cause a lasting cultural impact. However, na ein association plus de counterculture movement of de 1960s lead to ein classification as a Schedule I drug insyd de U.S. insyd 1970.[16] Na dem sanso list am as a Schedule I controlled substance by de United Nations insyd 1971 wey remain widout approved medical uses.[5]

Despite ein legal restrictions, LSD remain influential insyd scientific den cultural contexts. Na research on LSD decline secof cultural controversies by de 1960s, buh na e resurge since 2009. Insyd 2024, na de U.S. Food and Drug Administration designate a form of LSD (MM120) a breakthrough therapy for generalized anxiety disorder.[17] As of 2017, na about 10% of people insyd de U.S. use LSD at sam point, na 0.7% use am insyd de past year.[18] Na usage rates rise, plus a 56.4% increase insyd adult use insyd de U.S. from 2015 to 2018.[19]

References

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  1. ↑ PubChem. "Lysergide". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (in English). Retrieved 2025-05-22.
  2. ↑ Holze F, Singh N, Liechti ME, D'Souza DC (May 2024). "Serotonergic Psychedelics: A Comparative Review of Efficacy, Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Binding Profile". Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 9 (5): 472–489. doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.01.007. PMID 38301886.
  3. ↑ Passie T, Halpern JH, Stichtenoth DO, Emrich HM, Hintzen A (2008). "The pharmacology of lysergic acid diethylamide: a review". CNS Neurosci Ther. 14 (4): 295–314. doi:10.1111/j.1755-5949.2008.00059.x. PMC 6494066. PMID 19040555.
  4. ↑ "What are hallucinogens?". National Institute of Drug Abuse. January 2016. Archived from the original on April 17, 2016. Retrieved April 24, 2016.
  5. 1 2 3 "LSD profile (chemistry, effects, other names, synthesis, mode of use, pharmacology, medical use, control status)". EMCDDA (in English). Archived from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  6. ↑ Gershon L (19 July 2016). "How LSD Went From Research to Religion". JSTOR Daily. Archived from the original on January 28, 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  7. ↑ Liechti ME, Dolder PC, Schmid Y (May 2017). "Alterations of consciousness and mystical-type experiences after acute LSD in humans". Psychopharmacology. 234 (9–10): 1499–1510. doi:10.1007/s00213-016-4453-0. PMC 5420386. PMID 27714429.
  8. ↑ Griffiths RR, Hurwitz ES, Davis AK, Johnson MW, Jesse R (2019-04-23). "Survey of subjective "God encounter experiences": Comparisons among naturally occurring experiences and those occasioned by the classic psychedelics psilocybin, LSD, ayahuasca, or DMT". PLOS ONE. 14 (4) e0214377. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1414377G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0214377. PMC 6478303. PMID 31013281.
  9. ↑ Nichols DE (April 2016). Barker EL (ed.). "Psychedelics". Pharmacological Reviews. 68 (2): 264–355. doi:10.1124/pr.115.011478. ISSN 0031-6997. PMC 4813425. PMID 26841800.
  10. ↑ Girn M, Roseman L, Bernhardt B, Smallwood J, Carhart-Harris R, Spreng RN (2020-05-03). "Serotonergic psychedelic drugs LSD and psilocybin reduce the hierarchical differentiation of unimodal and transmodal cortex". bioRxiv. doi:10.1101/2020.05.01.072314. S2CID 233346402.
  11. ↑ Leptourgos P, Fortier-Davy M, Carhart-Harris R, Corlett PR, Dupuis D, Halberstadt AL, Kometer M, Kozakova E, LarØi F, Noorani TN, Preller KH, Waters F, Zaytseva Y, Jardri R (December 2020). "Hallucinations Under Psychedelics and in the Schizophrenia Spectrum: An Interdisciplinary and Multiscale Comparison". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 46 (6): 1396–1408. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbaa117. PMC 7707069. PMID 32944778.
  12. ↑ Holze F, Vizeli P, Ley L, Müller F, Dolder P, Stocker M, Duthaler U, Varghese N, Eckert A, Borgwardt S, Liechti ME (February 2021). "Acute dose-dependent effects of lysergic acid diethylamide in a double-blind placebo-controlled study in healthy subjects". Neuropsychopharmacology. 46 (3): 537–544. doi:10.1038/s41386-020-00883-6. PMC 8027607. PMID 33059356.
  13. ↑ "Commonly Abused Drugs Charts". National Institute on Drug Abuse. 2 July 2018. Archived from the original on March 1, 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  14. ↑ Nichols DE (October 2018). "Dark Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)" (PDF). ACS Chemical Neuroscience. 9 (10): 2331–2343. doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00043. PMID 29461039.
  15. ↑ Chwelos N, Blewett DB, Smith CM, Hoffer A (September 1959). "Use of d-lysergic acid diethylamide in the treatment of alcoholism". Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 20 (3): 577–590. doi:10.15288/qjsa.1959.20.577. PMID 13810249.
  16. ↑ United States Congress House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce Subcommittee on Public Health and Welfare (1968). Increased Controls Over Hallucinogens and Other Dangerous Drugs. U.S. Government Printing Office. Archived from the original on July 13, 2020. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
  17. ↑ Terry K (2024-03-26). "FDA Opens the Door to Clinical Use of LSD". WebMD (in English). Archived from the original on May 25, 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-25.
  18. ↑ National Institute on Drug Abuse. "Hallucinogens". Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  19. ↑ Yockey RA, Vidourek RA, King KA (July 2020). "Trends in LSD use among US adults: 2015–2018". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 212 108071. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108071. PMID 32450479. S2CID 218893155.

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