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MDMA

From Wikipedia
MDMA
group of stereoisomers
Subclass ofmethylenedioxyphenethylamines, amphetamines Edit
Short nameMDMA Edit
Discoverer or inventorAnton Köllisch Edit
Chemical formulaC₁₁H₁₅NO₂ Edit
Canonical SMILESCC(CC1=CC2=C(C=C1)OCO2)NC Edit
Found insyd taxonCaenorhabditis elegans Edit
Physically dey interact plusSolute carrier family 18 member A1, Solute carrier family 18 member A2 Edit
Route of administrationoral administration, sublingual administration, inhalation administration, injection, insufflation Edit
Main regulatory textBetäubungsmittelgesetz Edit

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), dem commonly know as ecstasy (tablet form), den molly (crystal form),[1][2] be an empathogen–entactogenic drug plus stimulant den minor psychedelic properties.[3][4][5] Insyd studies, dem dey use am alongside psychotherapy insyd de treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) den social anxiety insyd autism spectrum disorder.[6][7][8] De purported pharmacological effects wey fi be prosocial dey include altered sensations, increased energy, empathy, den pleasure.[5][9] Wen dem take am by mouth, effects dey begin insyd 30 to 45 minutes den dey last three to six hours.[10][11]

Uses

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Recreational

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Medical

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See also: MDMA § Research directions

Odas

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Sam religious practitioners dey use small doses of MDMA as an entheogen make e enhance prayer anaa meditation.[12] Na dem dey use MDMA as an adjunct to New Age spiritual practices.[13]

Forms

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MDMA be usually consumed by mouth. E sanso sam times be snorted.[9]

Image of Ecstasy tablets
Ecstasy tablets wich fi contain MDMA
Image of a chunk of impure MDMA
A salt of MDMA (typically white) plus impurities, wey dey result insyd a tan discoloration
1 gram crushed MDMA crystals
Crushed MDMA (1 gram) crystals

Effects

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For general, MDMA users report dem dey feel de onset of subjective effects within 30 to 60 minutes of oral consumption wey e dey reach peak effect for 75 to 120 minutes, wich then plateaus for about 3.5 hours.[14] Na dem report de desired short-term psychoactive effects of MDMA e dey include:

  • Euphoria – a sense of general well-being den happiness[5][15]
  • Increased self-confidence, sociability, den perception of facilitated communication[5][15][16]
  • Entactogenic effects—increased empathy anaa feelings of closeness plus odas[5][15] den einself[16]
  • Dilated pupils[16]
  • Relaxation den reduced anxiety[16]
  • Increased emotionality[16]
  • A sense of inner peace[17]
  • Mild hallucination[18]
  • Enhanced sensation, perception, anaa sexuality[5][15] [19]
  • Altered sense of time[11]

Side effects

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Short-term

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De immediate adverse effects of MDMA use fi include:

Oda adverse effects wey fi occur anaa persist for up to a week following cessation of moderate MDMA use dey include:[5][23]

Physiological
Psychological

Overdose

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Symptoms of overdose
System Minor anaa moderate overdose Severe overdose
Cardiovascular
  • Disseminated intravascular coagulation[27]
  • Intracranial hemorrhage[27]
  • Severe hypertension[27][28] anaa hypotension[27]
  • Hypotensive bleeding
Central nervous
system
  • Cognitive den memory impairment[27] potentially to de point of retrograde anaa anterograde amnesia[29]
  • Coma[28]
  • Convulsions[27][28]
  • Hallucinations[27][28]
  • Loss of consciousness
  • Serotonin syndrome[24][27]
Musculoskeletal
  • Muscle rigidity[27]
  • Rhabdomyolysis (i.e., rapid muscle breakdown)[24][27]
Respiratory
  • Acute respiratory distress syndrome[27]
Urinary
Oda
  • Cerebral edema
  • Hepatitis[24][27]
  • Hyperpyrexia (a life-threatening elevation of body temperature greater dan anaa equal to 40.0 or 41.5 °C (104.0 or 106.7 °F))[24][27]
  • Hyponatremia (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone)[24][27][31]

References

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  1. ↑ Palamar JJ (2016-12-07). "There's something about Molly: The underresearched yet popular powder form of ecstasy in the United States". Substance Abuse. 38 (1): 15–17. doi:10.1080/08897077.2016.1267070. PMC 5578728. PMID 27925866.
  2. ↑ Skaug HA, ed. (2020-12-14). "Hva er tryggest av molly og ecstasy?" [What is safer: molly or ecstasy?]. Ung.no (in Norwegian). Norwegian Directorate for Children, Youth and Family Affairs. Archived from the original on 11 August 2022. Retrieved 2022-06-20. MDMA er virkestoffet i både Molly-krystaller og Ecstasy-tabletter. (MDMA is the active substance in both Molly crystals and Ecstasy tablets)
  3. ↑ Dunlap LE, Andrews AM, Olson DE (October 2018). "Dark Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine" (PDF). ACS Chem Neurosci. 9 (10): 2408–2427. doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00155. PMC 6197894. PMID 30001118.
  4. ↑ Green AR, Mechan AO, Elliott JM, O'Shea E, Colado MI (September 2003). "The pharmacology and clinical pharmacology of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy")". Pharmacol Rev. 55 (3): 463–508. doi:10.1124/pr.55.3.3. PMID 12869661.
  5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 Meyer JS (2013). "3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA): current perspectives". Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation. 4: 83–99. doi:10.2147/SAR.S37258. PMC 3931692. PMID 24648791.
  6. ↑ Mitchell JM, Bogenschutz M, Lilienstein A, Harrison C, Kleiman S, Parker-Guilbert K, Ot'alora GM, Garas W, Paleos C, Gorman I, Nicholas C, Mithoefer M, Carlin S, Poulter B, Mithoefer A, Quevedo S, Wells G, Klaire SS, van der Kolk B, Tzarfaty K, Amiaz R, Worthy R, Shannon S, Woolley JD, Marta C, Gelfand Y, Hapke E, Amar S, Wallach Y, Brown R, Hamilton S, Wang JB, Coker A, Matthews R, de Boer A, Yazar-Klosinski B, Emerson A, Doblin R (July 2023). "MDMA-Assisted Therapy for Severe PTSD: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase 3 Study". Focus. 21 (3): 315–328. doi:10.1176/appi.focus.23021011. PMC 10316215. PMID 37404971.
  7. ↑ Danforth AL, Struble CM, Yazar-Klosinski B, Grob CS (January 2016). "MDMA-assisted therapy: A new treatment model for social anxiety in autistic adults". Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 64: 237–249. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.03.011. PMID 25818246.
  8. ↑ Danforth AL, Grob CS, Struble C, Feduccia AA, Walker N, Jerome L, Yazar-Klosinski B, Emerson A (November 2018). "Reduction in social anxiety after MDMA-assisted psychotherapy with autistic adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study". Psychopharmacology. 235 (11): 3137–3148. doi:10.1007/s00213-018-5010-9. PMC 6208958. PMID 30196397.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Anderson L, ed. (18 May 2014). "MDMA". Drugs.com. Drugsite Trust. Archived from the original on 23 March 2016. Retrieved 30 March 2016.
  10. ↑ Freye E (28 July 2009). "Pharmacological Effects of MDMA in Man". Pharmacology and Abuse of Cocaine, Amphetamines, Ecstasy and Related Designer Drugs. Springer Netherlands. pp. 151–160. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2448-0_24. ISBN 978-90-481-2448-0.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "DrugFacts: MDMA (Ecstasy/Molly)". National Institute on Drug Abuse. February 2016. Archived from the original on 23 March 2016. Retrieved 30 March 2016.
  12. ↑ Saunders N (29 July 1995). "The Agony and Ecstasy of God's path". Council on Spiritual Practices (CSP). Archived from the original on 24 April 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
  13. ↑ Watson L, Beck J (1991). "New age seekers: MDMA use as an adjunct to spiritual pursuit" (PDF). Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 23 (3): 261–70. doi:10.1080/02791072.1991.10471587. PMID 1685513. Archived from the original on 22 November 2004. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  14. ↑ Liechti ME, Gamma A, Vollenweider FX (March 2001). "Gender differences in the subjective effects of MDMA". Psychopharmacology. 154 (2): 161–8. doi:10.1007/s002130000648. PMID 11314678. S2CID 20251888.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 Greene SL, Kerr F, Braitberg G (October 2008). "Review article: amphetamines and related drugs of abuse". Emergency Medicine Australasia. 20 (5): 391–402. doi:10.1111/j.1742-6723.2008.01114.x. PMID 18973636. S2CID 20755466.
  16. ↑ 16.00 16.01 16.02 16.03 16.04 16.05 16.06 16.07 16.08 16.09 16.10 16.11 16.12 Betzler F, Viohl L, Romanczuk-Seiferth N (January 2017). "Decision-making in chronic ecstasy users: a systematic review". The European Journal of Neuroscience. 45 (1): 34–44. doi:10.1111/ejn.13480. PMID 27859780. S2CID 31694072. ...the addictive potential of MDMA itself is relatively small.
  17. ↑ Greene SL, Kerr F, Braitberg G (October 2008). "Review article: amphetamines and related drugs of abuse". Emergency Medicine Australasia. 20 (5): 391–402. doi:10.1111/j.1742-6723.2008.01114.x. PMID 18973636. S2CID 20755466.
  18. ↑ Greene SL, Kerr F, Braitberg G (October 2008). "Review article: amphetamines and related drugs of abuse". Emergency Medicine Australasia. 20 (5): 391–402. doi:10.1111/j.1742-6723.2008.01114.x. PMID 18973636. S2CID 20755466.
  19. ↑ Greene SL, Kerr F, Braitberg G (October 2008). "Review article: amphetamines and related drugs of abuse". Emergency Medicine Australasia. 20 (5): 391–402. doi:10.1111/j.1742-6723.2008.01114.x. PMID 18973636. S2CID 20755466.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Carvalho M, Carmo H, Costa VM, Capela JP, Pontes H, Remião F, et al. (August 2012). "Toxicity of amphetamines: an update". Archives of Toxicology. 86 (8): 1167–231. Bibcode:2012ArTox..86.1167C. doi:10.1007/s00204-012-0815-5. PMID 22392347. S2CID 2873101.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 Keane M (February 2014). "Recognising and managing acute hyponatraemia". Emergency Nurse. 21 (9): 32–6, quiz 37. doi:10.7748/en2014.02.21.9.32.e1128. PMID 24494770.
  22. ↑ Spauwen LW, Niekamp AM, Hoebe CJ, Dukers-Muijrers NH (February 2015). "Drug use, sexual risk behaviour and sexually transmitted infections among swingers: a cross-sectional study in The Netherlands". Sexually Transmitted Infections. 91 (1): 31–6. doi:10.1136/sextrans-2014-051626. PMID 25342812. It is known that some recreational drugs (eg, MDMA or GHB) may hamper the potential to ejaculate or maintain an erection.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine". Hazardous Substances Data Bank. National Library of Medicine. 28 August 2008. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
  24. ↑ 24.00 24.01 24.02 24.03 24.04 24.05 24.06 24.07 24.08 24.09 24.10 24.11 24.12 White CM (March 2014). "How MDMA's pharmacology and pharmacokinetics drive desired effects and harms". Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 54 (3): 245–52. doi:10.1002/jcph.266. PMID 24431106. S2CID 6223741.
  25. ↑ Hahn IH (25 March 2015). "MDMA Toxicity: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology". Medscape. Archived from the original on 11 May 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  26. ↑ Parrott AC (2012). "13. MDMA and LSD". In Verster J, Brady K, Galanter M, Conrod P (eds.). Drug Abuse and Addiction in Medical Illness: Causes, Consequences and Treatment. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 179. ISBN 978-1-4614-3375-0.
  27. ↑ 27.00 27.01 27.02 27.03 27.04 27.05 27.06 27.07 27.08 27.09 27.10 27.11 27.12 27.13 27.14 27.15 27.16 27.17 Greene SL, Kerr F, Braitberg G (October 2008). "Review article: amphetamines and related drugs of abuse". Emergency Medicine Australasia. 20 (5): 391–402. doi:10.1111/j.1742-6723.2008.01114.x. PMID 18973636. S2CID 20755466.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 28.5 Kellum JA, Gunn SR, Singer M (2008). Oxford American Handbook of Critical Care. Oxford University Press. p. 464. ISBN 978-0-19-530528-9. OCLC 1003197730.
  29. ↑ Chummun H, Tilley V, Ibe J (2010). "3,4-methylenedioxyamfetamine (ecstasy) use reduces cognition". British Journal of Nursing. 19 (2): 94–100. PMID 20235382.
  30. ↑ Pendergraft WF, Herlitz LC, Thornley-Brown D, Rosner M, Niles JL (November 2014). "Nephrotoxic effects of common and emerging drugs of abuse". Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 9 (11): 1996–2005. doi:10.2215/CJN.00360114. PMC 4220747. PMID 25035273.
  31. ↑ Keane M (February 2014). "Recognising and managing acute hyponatraemia". Emergency Nurse. 21 (9): 32–6, quiz 37. doi:10.7748/en2014.02.21.9.32.e1128. PMID 24494770.
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