Madhhab
| Subclass of | fiqh  |
|---|---|
| Part of | sharia |
| Get use | worship in Islam |
| Native label | مذهب |
| Religion anaa worldview | Islam |
| Main subject | Sunnah, Ahkam |
| Commemorates | al-Hakam, al-Adl |
| Operator | ummah |
| Connects with | al-milla, ad-dīn |
A madhhab (Arabic: مَذْهَب, romanized: madhhab, lit. 'way to act', IPA: [ˈmaðhab], pl. مَذَاهِب, madhāhib, [ˈmaðaːhib]) dey refer to any school of thought within Islamic jurisprudence. De major Sunni madhhab be Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, den Hanbali.[1] Dem emerge insyd de ninth den tenth centuries CE den by de twelfth century almost all Islamic jurists align demaselves plus a particular madhhab.[2] Dese four schools dey recognize each oda ein validity wey na dem interact insyd legal debate over de centuries. Rulings (Fatwa) of dese schools be followed across de Muslim world widout exclusive regional restrictions, buh dem each cam to dominate insyd different parts of de world.
For example, de Maliki school be predominant insyd North den West Africa; de Hanafi school insyd South den Central Asia; de Shafi'i school insyd East Africa den Southeast Asia; den de Hanbali school insyd North den Central Arabia.[2][1][3] De first centuries of Islam sanso witness a number of short-lived Sunni madhhabs.[4] De Zahiri school, wich be considered to be endangered, continue to exert influence over legal thought. De development of Shia legal schools occur along de lines of theological differences wey e result in de formation of de Ja'fari madhhab amongst Twelver Shias, as well as de Isma'ili den Zaydi madhhabs amongst Isma'ilis den Zaydis respectively, whose differences from Sunni legal schools be roughly of de same order as de differences among Sunni schools. De Ibadi legal school, distinct from Sunni den Shia madhhabs, be predominant insyd Oman. Unlike Sunnis, Shias, den Ibadis, non-denominational Muslims no be affiliated plus any madhhab.[5][6][7]
Na de transformations of Islamic legal institutions insyd de modern era have profound implications for de madhhab system. Plus de spread of codified state laws insyd de Muslim world, de influence of de madhhabs beyond personal ritual practice dey depend on de status accorded to dem within de national legal system. State law codification commonly draw on rulings from multiple madhhabs, den legal professionals dem train insyd modern law schools largely replace traditional ulama as interpreters of de resulting laws.[2] Insyd de 20th century, sam jurists begin to assert dema intellectual independence from traditional madhhabs.[8] Plus de spread of Salafi influence den reformist currents insyd de 20th century; a handful of Salafi scholars assert independence from being strictly bound by de traditional legal mechanisms of de four schools. Nevertheless, de majority of Sunni scholarship continue to uphold post-classical creedal belief insyd rigorously adhering (taqlid) to one of de four schools insyd all legal details.[9]
De Amman Message, wich be endorsed insyd 2005 by prominent Islamic scholars around de world, recognize four Sunni schools (Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, Hanbali), two Shia schools (Ja'fari, Zaydi), de Ibadi school, den de Zahiri school.[10] Schools of Islamic jurisprudence dey locate insyd Pakistan, Iran, Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Nigeria, Egypt, Turkey, Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Russia, China, de Philippines, Algeria, Libya, Saudi Arabia, den multiple oda countries.
References
[edit | edit source]- 1 2 Rabb, Intisar A. (2009). "Fiqh". In John L. Esposito (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001. ISBN 9780195305135.
- 1 2 3 Hussin, Iza (2014). "Sunni Schools of Jurisprudence". In Emad El-Din Shahin (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199739356.001.0001. ISBN 9780199739356.
- ↑ Vikør, Knut S. (2014). "Sharīʿah". In Emad El-Din Shahin (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
- ↑ Calder, Norman (2009). "Law. Legal Thought and Jurisprudence". In John L. Esposito (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 21 November 2008.
- ↑ Tan, Charlene (2014). Reforms in Islamic Education: International Perspectives. A&C Black. ISBN 9781441146175.
This is due to the historical, sociological, cultural, rational and non-denominational (non-madhhabi) approaches to Islam employed at IAINs, STAINs, and UINs, as opposed to the theological, normative and denominational approaches that were common in Islamic educational institutions in the past
- ↑ Rane, Halim, Jacqui Ewart, and John Martinkus. "Islam and the Muslim World." Media Framing of the Muslim World. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. 15-28
- ↑ Obydenkova, Anastassia V. "Religious pluralism in Russia." Politics of religion and nationalism: Federalism, consociationalism and secession, Routledge (2014): 36-49
- ↑ Messick, Brinkley; Kéchichian, Joseph A. (2009). "Fatwā. Process and Function". In John L. Esposito (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 20 November 2015.
- ↑ Auda, Jasser (2007). "5: Contemporary Theories in Islamic Law". Maqasid al-SharÏah as Philosophy of Islamic Law: A Systems Approach. 669, Herndon, VA 20172, USA: The International Institute of Islamic Thought. pp. 143–145. ISBN 978-1-56564-424-3.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) - ↑ "Amman Message – The Official Site".
Sources
[edit | edit source]- Burton, John (1990). The Sources of Islamic Law: Islamic Theories of Abrogation (PDF). Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-0108-2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 January 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
- Branon Wheeler, Applying the Canon in Islam: The Authorization and Maintenance of Interpretive Reasoning in Ḥanafī Scholarship, SUNY Press, 1996.
Read further =
[edit | edit source]- Haddad, Gibril F. (2007). The Four Imams and Their Schools. London: Muslim Academic Trust.
External links
[edit | edit source]
