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Major depressive disorder

From Wikipedia
major depressive disorder
class of disease
Subclass ofdepressive disorder, depression, disease, mental health Edit
Facet givewomen's health, men's health Edit
Has causegenetics, environmental factor, Q127525993 Edit
Health specialtypsychiatry Edit
Symptoms and signsdepressive syndrome Edit
Possible treatmentantidepressant, psychotherapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation, light therapy, physical exercise Edit
Risk factorsubstance abuse, chronic condition, family medical history Edit
ICD-9-CM296.30, 296.20, 296.2, 296.3 Edit
NCI Thesaurus IDC34796 Edit

Major depressive disorder (MDD), dem sanso know as clinical depression, be a mental disorder[1] wey be characterized by at least two weeks of pervasive low mood, low self-esteem, den loss of interest anaa pleasure insyd normally enjoyable activities. Na a group of US clinicians insyd de mid-1970s introduce am,[2] na dem adopt de term by de American Psychiatric Association for dis symptom cluster under mood disorders insyd de 1980 version of de Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III), wey na e cam be widely used since. De disorder dey cause de second-most years lived plus disability, after low back pain.[3]

De diagnosis of major depressive disorder dey base on de person ein reported experiences, behavior wey na family anaa paddies report, den a mental status examination.[4] Der be no laboratory test for de disorder, buh dem fi do testing to rule out physical conditions wey fi cause similar symptoms.[4] De most common time of onset be insyd a person ein 20s,[5][6] wey females be affected about three times as often as males.[7] De course of de disorder dey vary widely, from one episode wey dey last months to a lifelong disorder plus recurrent episodes.

Those plus major depressive disorder typically be treated plus psychotherapy den antidepressant medication.[8] While a mainstay of treatment, de clinical efficacy of antidepressants be controversial.[9][10][11][12] Hospitalization (wich fi be involuntary) fi be necessary insyd cases plus associated self-neglect anaa a significant risk of harm to self anaa odas. Electroconvulsive therapy, ketamine, esketamine, den psilocybin be de most effective den safe first-line treatments for treatment-resistant depression, though regulatory approval den clinical availability dey vary by country.[13]

Dem dey believe major depressive disorder to be caused by a combination of genetic, environmental, den psychological factors,[8] plus about 40% of de risk be genetic.[14] Risk factors dey include a family history of de condition, major life changes, kiddie time traumas, environmental lead exposure,[15] certain medications, chronic health problems, den substance use disorders.[8][14] E negatively fi affect a person ein personal life, work life, anaa education, den dey cause issues plus a person ein sleeping habits, eating habits, den general health.[8][14]

References

[edit | edit source]
  1. ↑ Sartorius N, Henderson AS, Strotzka H, et al. "The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines" (PDF). World Health Organization. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  2. ↑ Spitzer RL, Endicott J, Robins E (1976). "The development of diagnostic criteria in psychiatry" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 December 2005. Retrieved 8 November 2008.
  3. ↑ Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Collaborators (August 2015). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. 386 (9995): 743–800. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60692-4. PMC 4561509. PMID 26063472.
  4. 1 2 Patton LL (2015). The ADA Practical Guide to Patients with Medical Conditions (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 339. ISBN 978-1-118-92928-5.
  5. ↑ American Psychiatric Association 2013, p. 165.
  6. ↑ Kessler RC, Bromet EJ (2013). "The epidemiology of depression across cultures". Annual Review of Public Health. 34: 119–38. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031912-114409. PMC 4100461. PMID 23514317.
  7. ↑ World Health Organisation. "ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics". International Classification of Diseases, Eleventh Edition. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
  8. 1 2 3 4 "Depression". U.S. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). May 2016. Archived from the original on 5 August 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
  9. ↑ Stone MB, Yaseen ZS, Miller BJ, Richardville K, Kalaria SN, Kirsch I (August 2022). "Response to acute monotherapy for major depressive disorder in randomized, placebo controlled trials submitted to the US Food and Drug Administration: individual participant data analysis". BMJ. 378 e067606. doi:10.1136/bmj-2021-067606. PMC 9344377. PMID 35918097. "Meta-analyses have shown small mean differences between drug and placebo arms, and the clinical significance of these differences continues to be debated."
  10. ↑ Ormel J, Spinhoven P, de Vries YA, Cramer AO, Siegle GJ, Bockting CL, Hollon SD (January 2020). "The antidepressant standoff: why it continues and how to resolve it". Psychological Medicine. 50 (2): 177–186. doi:10.1017/S0033291719003295. hdl:1887/3142545. PMID 31779735.
  11. ↑ Taylor D, Horowitz M (May 2024). The Maudsley Deprescribing Guidelines – Antidepressants, Benzodiazepines, Gabapentinoids and Z-drugs. Wiley. p. 57. doi:10.1002/9781394291052. ISBN 978-1-119-82298-1. "The debate around the short‐term efficacy of antidepressants has continued..."
  12. ↑ Hengartner MP, Plöderl M (April 2022). "Estimates of the minimal important difference to evaluate the clinical significance of antidepressants in the acute treatment of moderate-to-severe depression". BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine. 27 (2): 69–73. doi:10.1136/bmjebm-2020-111600. PMID 33593736. "The efficacy of antidepressants in the acute treatment of patients with moderate-to-severe depression remains a controversial issue."
  13. ↑ Guo, Qinghua; Guo, Libo; Wang, Yong; Shang, Shaomei (2024). "Efficacy and safety of eight enhanced therapies for treatment-resistant depression: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of RCTs". Psychiatry Research. 339 116018. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116018. ISSN 1872-7123. PMID 38924903.
  14. 1 2 3 American Psychiatric Association 2013, p. 166.
  15. ↑ Michael J. McFarland, Aaron Reuben, Matt Hauer. Contribution of Childhood Lead Exposure to Psychopathology in the U.S. Population over the Past 75 Years. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2024 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.14072

Works dem cite

[edit | edit source]
  • American Psychiatric Association (2000a). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (Fourth Edition, Text Revision: DSM-IV-TR ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. ISBN 978-0-89042-025-6.
  • American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (Fifth Edition: DSM-5 ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8.
  • Barlow DH, Durand VM (2005). Abnormal psychology: An integrative approach (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. ISBN 978-0-534-63356-1.
  • Beck AT, Rush J, Shaw BF, Emery G (1987) [1979]. Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: Guilford Press. ISBN 978-0-89862-919-4.
  • Hergenhahn BR (2005). An Introduction to the History of Psychology (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. ISBN 978-0-534-55401-9.
  • Parker G, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, eds. (1996). Melancholia: a disorder of movement and mood: a phenomenological and neurobiological review. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47275-3.
  • Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (2008). British National Formulary (BNF 56). UK: BMJ Group and RPS Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85369-778-7.
  • Sadock VA, Sadock BJ, Kaplan HI (2003). Kaplan & Sadock's synopsis of psychiatry: behavioral sciences/clinical psychiatry. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-3183-6.
  • "6A70 Single episode depressive disorder". International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision. World Health Organization. February 2022 [adopted in 2019]. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
  • "6A71 Recurrent depressive disorder". International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision. World Health Organization. February 2022 [adopted in 2019]. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
[edit | edit source]
  • Beck, Aaron (2009). Depression: Causes and Treatment. Berlin: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-1964-7.
  • Jackson, S. (1986). Melancholia and depression: From Hippocratic times to modern times. Yale University Press
  • Rottenberg, Jonathan (2014). The Depths: The Evolutionary Origins of the Depression Epidemic. New York: Basic Books (AZ). ISBN 978-0-465-02221-2.
  • Sadowsky, J. (2021). The empire of depression: A new history. Polity Press.
  • Schonfeld, I. S., & Bianchi, R. (2025). Breaking point: Job stress, occupational depression, and the myth of burnout. John Wiley
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