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Malaria

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Malaria
Malaria parasite wey dey connect to a red blood cell
SpecialtyInfectious disease
SymptomsFever, vomiting, headache, yellow skin
Usual onset10–15 days post exposure
CausesPlasmodium spread by mosquitoes
Diagnostic methodExamination of the blood, malaria antigen detection tests
Differential diagnosisEnteric fever, meningitis, Ebola, yellow fever, dengue, Japanese encephalitis[1]
PreventionMosquito nets, insect repellent, mosquito control, medications
MedicationAntimalarial medication
Frequency241 million (2020)
Deaths627,000 (2020)

Malaria be a mosquito-borne infectious disease wey dey affect vertebrates den Anopheles mosquitoes.[2][3][4] Human malaria dey cause symptoms wey typically dey include fever, fatigue, vomiting, den headaches.[5][6] Insyd severe cases, e fi cause jaundice, seizures, coma, anaa death.[5][7] Symptoms usually dey begin 10 to 15 days after an infected Anopheles mosquito bite person.[8][9] If dem no treat am properly, people fi get recurrences of de disease months later.[10] Insyd those wey recently dem survive an infection, reinfection usually dey cause milder symptoms.[5] Dis partial resistance dey disappear over months to years if de person no get continue exposure to malaria.[5] De mosquitoes demaselves be harmed by malaria, wey dey cause reduced lifespans insyd those wey be infected by am.[11]

Malaria be caused by single-celled microorganisms of de genus Plasmodium.[8] E be spread exclusively thru bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes.[8][12] De mosquito bite dey introduce de parasites from de mosquito ein saliva into de blood.[4] De parasites dey travel to de liver, wer dem mature den reproduce.[5] Five species of Plasmodium commonly dey infect humans.[8] De three species wey be associated plus more severe cases be P. falciparum (wich be responsible for de vast majority of malaria deaths), P. vivax, den P. knowlesi (a simian malaria wey dey spill over into thousands of people a year).[13][14] P. ovale den P. malariae generally dey cause a milder form of malaria.[5][8] Malaria be typically diagnosed by de microscopic examination of blood wey dey use blood films, anaa plus antigen-based rapid diagnostic tests.[5] Na dem develop methods wey dey use de polymerase chain reaction take detect de parasite ein DNA, buh dem no be widely used insyd areas wer malaria be common, secof dema cost den complexity.[15]

Video summary (script)

De risk of disease fi be reduced by preventing mosquito bites thru de use of mosquito nets den insect repellents anaa plus mosquito-control measures such as spraying insecticides den draining standing water.[5] Chaw medications be available make dem prevent malaria for travellers insyd areas wer de disease be common.[16] Occasional doses of de combination medication sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine be recommended insyd infants den after de first trimester of pregnancy insyd areas plus high rates of malaria.[16] As of 2023, na dem endorse two malaria vaccines by de World Health Organization.[17] De recommended treatment give malaria be a combination of antimalarial medications wey dey include artemisinin.[5][16][18] De second medication either fi be mefloquine (dey note first ein potential toxicity den de possibility of death), lumefantrine, anaa sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine.[19] Quinine, along plus doxycycline, fi be used if artemisinin no be available.[19] Insyd areas wer de disease be common, malaria for be confirmed if possible before dem start treatment secof concerns of increasing drug resistance.[16] Na resistance among de parasites develop to several antimalarial medications; for example, chloroquine-resistant na P. falciparum spread to chaw malaria-prone areas, den resistance to artemisinin cam turn a problem insyd sam parts of Southeast Asia.[16]

References

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  1. Buck, E; Finnigan, NA (January 2022). "Malaria". StatPearls. PMID 31869175.
  2. "Vector-borne diseases". www.who.int. Archived from the original on 2023-01-04. Retrieved 2022-04-24.
  3. Dahalan FA, Churcher TS, Windbichler N, Lawniczak MK (November 2019). "The male mosquito contribution towards malaria transmission: Mating influences the Anopheles female midgut transcriptome and increases female susceptibility to human malaria parasites". PLOS Pathogens. 15 (11): e1008063. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1008063. PMC 6837289. PMID 31697788.
  4. 4.0 4.1 "Malaria Fact sheet N°94". WHO. March 2014. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
  5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 Caraballo H, King K (May 2014). "Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: malaria, dengue, and West Nile virus". Emergency Medicine Practice. 16 (5): 1–23, quiz 23–24. PMID 25207355. S2CID 23716674. Archived from the original on 2016-08-01.
  6. Basu S, Sahi PK (July 2017). "Malaria: An Update". Indian Journal of Pediatrics. 84 (7): 521–528. doi:10.1007/s12098-017-2332-2. PMID 28357581. S2CID 11461451.
  7. "Fact sheet about malaria". www.who.int. Archived from the original on 2020-05-02. Retrieved 2024-05-10.
  8. 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 "Fact sheet about malaria". www.who.int. Archived from the original on 2 May 2020. Retrieved 28 September 2023.
  9. "CDC - Malaria - FAQs". 28 June 2023. Archived from the original on 13 May 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
  10. "Malaria Fact sheet N°94". WHO. March 2014. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
  11. Dawes EJ, Churcher TS, Zhuang S, Sinden RE, Basáñez MG (October 2009). "Anopheles mortality is both age- and Plasmodium-density dependent: implications for malaria transmission". Malaria Journal. 8 (1): 228. doi:10.1186/1475-2875-8-228. PMC 2770541. PMID 19822012.
  12. Walter K, John CC (February 2022). "Malaria". JAMA. 327 (6): 597. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.21468. PMID 35133414. S2CID 246651569.
  13. "Fact sheet about malaria". www.who.int. Archived from the original on 2020-05-02. Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  14. World Health Organization. "Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016-2030" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-02-22. Retrieved 2024-02-19.
  15. Nadjm B, Behrens RH (June 2012). "Malaria: an update for physicians". Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 26 (2): 243–259. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010. PMID 22632637.
  16. 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 "Malaria Fact sheet N°94". WHO. March 2014. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
  17. "WHO recommends R21/Matrix-M vaccine for malaria prevention in updated advice on immunization". 2 October 2023. Archived from the original on 3 October 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
  18. Rawat A, Roy M, Jyoti A, Kaushik S, Verma K, Srivastava VK (August 2021). "Cysteine proteases: Battling pathogenic parasitic protozoans with omnipresent enzymes". Microbiological Research. 249: 126784. doi:10.1016/j.micres.2021.126784. PMID 33989978. S2CID 234597200.
  19. 19.0 19.1 Guidelines for the treatment of malaria (2nd ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization. 2010. p. ix. ISBN 978-92-4-154792-5.

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