Malcolm X

Malcolm X

human

Ein sex anaa gender	male
Ein country of citizenship	United States
Name in native language	Malcolm X
Birth name	Malcolm Little
Name wey dem give am	Malcolm
Family name	Little, X, Shabazz
Pseudonym	Malachi Shabazz
Ein date of birth	19 May 1925
Place dem born am	Omaha
Date wey edie	21 February 1965
Place wey edie	Manhattan
Manner of death	homicide
Cause of death	gunshot wound
Place wey dem bury am	Ferncliff Cemetery
Ein poppie	Earl Little
Mummie	Louise Little
Sibling	Reginald Little, Ella Little-Collins
Spouse	Betty Shabazz
Significant person	Grace Lee Boggs, Elijah Muhammad
Native language	English
Languages edey speak, rep anaa sign	English
Writing language	English
Residence	Malcolm X—Ella Little-Collins House
Work period (start)	1954
Work period (end)	1965
Ethnic group	African Americans
Religion anaa worldview	Islam, Nation of Islam, Sunni Islam
Participant insyd	civil rights movement
Dey archive for	Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture
Political ideology	Black Nationalism, Pan-Africanism
Award e receive	Anisfield-Wolf Book Awards

Malcolm X (born Malcolm Little, later el-Hajj Malik el-Shabazz; May 19, 1925 – February 21, 1965) na he be an African American revolutionary, Muslim minister den human rights activist wey na he be a prominent figure during de civil rights movement til ein assassination insyd 1965. A spokesman give de Nation of Islam (NOI) til 1964, after wich he lef de movement, na he be a vocal advocate give Black empowerment den de promotion of Islam within de African American community. A controversial figure dem accuse of preaching violence, Malcolm X sanso be a celebrated figure within African American den Muslim communities give ein pursuit of racial justice.

Na Malcolm spend ein adolescence dey live insyd a series of foster homes den plus various relatives, after ein poppie ein death den ein mommie ein hospitalization. Na he commit chaw crimes, wey dem sentence am to eight to ten years insyd prison insyd 1946 for larceny den burglary. Insyd prison, na he join de Nation of Islam, wey he adopt de name Malcolm X make he symbolize ein unknown African ancestral surname while discarding "de white slavemaster name of 'Little'", den after ein parole insyd 1952, he quickly cam turn one of de organization ein most influential leaders. Na he be de public face of de organization for 12 years, wey he dey advocate Black empowerment den separation of Black den White Americans, as well as he dey criticize Martin Luther King Jr. den de mainstream civil rights movement for ein emphasis on non-violence den racial integration. Na Malcolm X sanso express pride insyd sam of de Nation ein social welfare achievements, such as ein free drug rehabilitation program. From de 1950s dey go, na Malcolm X be subjected to surveillance by de Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).

Insyd de 1960s, na Malcolm X begin to grow disillusioned plus de Nation of Islam, as well as plus ein leader, Elijah Muhammad. Na he subsequently embrace Sunni Islam den de civil rights movement after he plete de Hajj to Mecca wey he cam be known as "el-Hajj Malik el-Shabazz", wich roughly dey translate to "De Pilgrim Malcolm de Patriarch". After a brief period of travel across Africa, na he publicly renounce de Nation of Islam wey he found de Islamic Muslim Mosque, Inc. (MMI) den de Pan-African Organization of Afro-American Unity (OAAU). Thru out 1964, na ein conflict plus de Nation of Islam intensify, wey na dem repeatedly send am death threats. On February 21, 1965, na dem assassinate am insyd New York City. Na dem charge three Nation members plus de murder wey na dem give dem indeterminate life sentences. Insyd 2021, two of na two of de convictions be vacated. Speculation about de assassination den whether na ebe conceived anaa aided by leading anaa additional members of de Nation, anaa plus law enforcement agencies, persist for decades.

He be posthumously honor plus Malcolm X Day, on wich na he be commemorated insyd chaw cities across de United States. Na dem rename hundreds of streets den schools insyd de US for ein honor, while de Audubon Ballroom, de site of ein assassination, na ebe partly redeveloped insyd 2005 make e accommodate de Malcolm X and Dr. Betty Shabazz Memorial and Educational Center. A posthumous autobiography, for na wich he collaborate plus Alex Haley, na dem publish am insyd 1965.

Early years

Na dem born Malcolm Little on May 19, 1925, insyd Omaha, Nebraska, de fourth of seven kiddies of Grenada-born Louise Little (née Langdon) den Georgia-born Earl Little. Na Earl be an outspoken Baptist lay speaker, wey na he den Louise be admirers of Pan-African activist Marcus Garvey. Na Earl be a local leader of de Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) wey na Louise serve as secretary den "branch reporter", wey dey send news of local UNIA activities to Negro World; na dem inculcate self-reliance den black pride insyd dema kiddies. Na Malcolm X later say dat na White violence kill four of eon poppie ein bros.

Portrayal insyd film, insyd television, den for stage top

Insyd 1986, na composer Anthony Davis ein opera X, The Life and Times of Malcolm X premier for de New York City Opera. Na e be de first work by Davis, wey go go on make e win de Pulitzer Prize for Music for ein opera The Central Park Five (2019). Insyd 2023, na dem perform am for de Metropolitan Opera insyd a production by Robert O'Hara, plus Will Liverman wey dey play de title role. Na e receive positive reviews.

Na Arnold Perl den Marvin Worth attempt make dem create a drama film wey dey base on The Autobiography of Malcolm X, buh na wen people close to de subject decline make dem talk to dem na dem decide make dem make a documentary instead. Na de result be de 1972 documentary film Malcolm X.

Na Denzel Washington play de title role insyd Spike Lee ein film Malcolm X (1992). Na Roger Ebert den Martin Scorsese include am on dema lists of de ten best films of de 1990s. Na Washington previously play de part of Malcolm X insyd de 1981 Off-Broadway play When the Chickens Came Home to Roost.

Oda portrayals include:

• James Earl Jones, insyd de 1977 film The Greatest.
• Dick Anthony Williams, insyd de 1978 television miniseries King den de 1989 American Playhouse production of de Jeff Stetson play The Meeting.
• Al Freeman Jr., insyd de 1979 television miniseries Roots: The Next Generations.

• Morgan Freeman, insyd de 1981 television movie Death of a Prophet.
• Ben Holt, insyd de 1986 opera X, The Life and Times of Malcolm X for de New York City Opera.

• Gary Dourdan, insyd de 2000 television movie King of the World.
• Joe Morton, insyd de 2000 television movie Ali: An American Hero.
• Mario Van Peebles, insyd de 2001 film Ali.
• Lindsay Owen Pierre, insyd de 2013 television movie Betty & Coretta.

• François Battiste, insyd de stage play One Night in Miami, dem first perform insyd 2013.
• Nigél Thatch, insyd de 2014 film Selma den de 2019 television series Godfather of Harlem.

• Kingsley Ben-Adir, insyd de 2020 film One Night in Miami, wey dey base on de play of de same name.
• Jason Alan Carvell, insyd de 2023 season of de television series Godfather of Harlem.
• Aaron Pierre, insyd de 2024 season of de television series Genius, wich na dem brand am as MLK/X.

Works dem publish

The Autobiography of Malcolm X, first edition

• The Autobiography of Malcolm X. With the assistance of Alex Haley. New York: Grove Press, 1965. OCLC 219493184.
• Malcolm X Speaks: Selected Speeches and Statements. George Breitman, ed. New York: Merit Publishers, 1965. OCLC 256095445.
• Malcolm X Talks to Young People. New York: Young Socialist Alliance, 1965. OCLC 81990227.
• Two Speeches by Malcolm X. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1965. OCLC 19464959.
• Malcolm X on Afro-American History. New York: Merit Publishers, 1967. OCLC 78155009.
• The Speeches of Malcolm X at Harvard. Archie Epps, ed. New York: Morrow, 1968. OCLC 185901618.
• By Any Means Necessary: Speeches, Interviews, and a Letter by Malcolm X. George Breitman, ed. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1970. OCLC 249307.
• The End of White World Supremacy: Four Speeches by Malcolm X. Benjamin Karim, ed. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1971. OCLC 149849.
• The Last Speeches. Bruce Perry, ed. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1989. ISBN 978-0-87348-543-2.
• Malcolm X Talks to Young People: Speeches in the United States, Britain, and Africa. Steve Clark, ed. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1991. ISBN 978-0-87348-962-1.
• February 1965: The Final Speeches. Steve Clark, ed. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1992. ISBN 978-0-87348-749-8.
• The Diary of Malcolm X: 1964. Herb Boyd and Ilyasah Shabazz, eds. Chicago: Third World Press, 2013. ISBN 978-0-88378-351-1.

References

Works dem cite

• Ali, Muhammad (2004). The Soul of a Butterfly: Reflections on Life's Journey. with Hana Yasmeen Ali. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-5569-1.
• Assensoh, A. B.; Alex-Assensoh, Yvette M. (2016). Malcolm X and Africa. Amherst, New York: Cambria Press. ISBN 978-1-60497-924-4.
• Ball, Jared A.; Burroughs, Todd Steven, eds. (2012). A Lie of Reinvention: Correcting Manning Marable's Malcolm X. Baltimore: Black Classic Press. ISBN 978-1-57478-049-9.
• Barboza, Steven (1994). American Jihad: Islam After Malcolm X. New York: Image Books. ISBN 978-0-385-47694-2.
• Boyd, Herb; Daniels, Ron; Karenga, Maulana; Madhubuti, Haki R., eds. (2012). By Any Means Necessary: Malcolm X: Real, Not Reinvented (in English). Chicago: Third World Press. ISBN 978-0-88378-336-8.
• Branch, Taylor (1998). Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years, 1963–65. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-80819-2.
• Carson, Clayborne (1991). Malcolm X: The FBI File. New York: Carroll & Graf. ISBN 978-0-88184-758-1.
• Clarke, John Henrik, ed. (1990) [1969]. Malcolm X: The Man and His Times. Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press. ISBN 978-0-86543-201-7.
• Clegg III, Claude Andrew (1997). An Original Man: The Life and Times of Elijah Muhammad. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 978-0-312-18153-6.
• Coates, Ta-Nehisi (April 11, 2011). "The Sexuality of Malcolm X". The Atlantic. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
• Cone, James H. (1991). Martin & Malcolm & America: A Dream or a Nightmare. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books. ISBN 978-0-88344-721-5.
• DeCaro, Louis A. (1996). On the Side of My People: A Religious Life of Malcolm X. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-1864-3.
• Evanzz, Karl (1992). The Judas Factor: The Plot to Kill Malcolm X. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press. ISBN 978-1-56025-049-4.
• Friedly, Michael (1992). Malcolm X: The Assassination. New York: One World. ISBN 978-0-345-40010-9.
• Karim, Benjamin (1992). Remembering Malcolm. with Peter Skutches and David Gallen. New York: Carroll & Graf. ISBN 978-0-88184-881-6.
• Kihss, Peter (February 22, 1965). "Malcolm X Shot to Death at Rally Here". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved June 19, 2018.
• Kondo, Zak A. (1993). Conspiracys: Unravelling the Assassination of Malcolm X. Washington, D.C.: Nubia Press. OCLC 28837295.
• Lincoln, C. Eric (1961). The Black Muslims in America. Boston: Beacon Press. OCLC 422580.
• Lomax, Louis E. (1963). When the Word Is Given: A Report on Elijah Muhammad, Malcolm X, and the Black Muslim World. Cleveland: World Publishing. OCLC 1071204.
• Lomax, Louis E. (1987) [1968]. To Kill a Black Man: The Shocking Parallel in the Lives of Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. Los Angeles: Holloway House. ISBN 978-0-87067-731-1.
• Lord, Lewis; Thornton, Jeannye; Bodipo-Memba, Alejandro (November 15, 1992). "The Legacy of Malcolm X". U.S. News & World Report (in English). p. 5. Archived from the original on January 14, 2012. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
• Malcolm X; Haley, Alex (1992) [1965]. The Autobiography of Malcolm X (in English). New York: One World. ISBN 978-0-345-37671-8.
• Malcolm X (1989) [1970]. Breitman, George (ed.). By Any Means Necessary: Speeches, Interviews, and a Letter by Malcolm X (in English). New York: Pathfinder Press. ISBN 978-0-87348-150-2.
• Malcolm X (1989) [1971]. Karim, Benjamin (ed.). The End of White World Supremacy: Four Speeches by Malcolm X (in English). New York: Arcade. ISBN 978-1-55970-006-1.
• Malcolm X (1989). Perry, Bruce (ed.). The Last Speeches (in English). New York: Pathfinder Press. ISBN 978-0-87348-543-2.
• Malcolm X (1990) [1965]. Malcolm X Speaks: Selected Speeches and Statements. George Breitman, ed. New York: Grove Weidenfeld. ISBN 978-0-8021-3213-0.
• Malcolm X (1991) [1968]. The Speeches of Malcolm X at Harvard. Archie Epps, ed. New York: Paragon House. ISBN 978-1-55778-479-7.
• Marable, Manning (2011). Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention. New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-02220-5.
• Marable, Manning (2009). "Rediscovering Malcolm's Life: A Historian's Adventures in Living History". In Marable, Manning; Aidi, Hishaam D (eds.). Black Routes to Islam. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-8400-5.
• Marable, Manning; Felber, Garrett (2013). The Portable Malcolm X Reader: A Man Who Stands for Nothing Will Fall for Anything. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-101-60294-2.
• Marsh, Clifton E. (2000) [1996]. The Lost-Found Nation of Islam in America. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-1-57886-008-1.
• Moore, R. Laurence (1987). Religious Outsiders and the Making of Americans. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536399-9.
• Natambu, Kofi (2002). The Life and Work of Malcolm X. Indianapolis: Alpha Books. ISBN 978-0-02-864218-5.
• Perry, Bruce (1991). Malcolm: The Life of a Man Who Changed Black America. Barrytown, New York: Station Hill. ISBN 978-0-88268-103-0.
• Rickford, Russell J. (2003). Betty Shabazz: A Remarkable Story of Survival and Faith Before and After Malcolm X. Naperville, Illinois: Sourcebooks. ISBN 978-1-4022-0171-4.
• Sales, William W. (1994). From Civil Rights to Black Liberation: Malcolm X and the Organization of Afro-American Unity. Boston: South End Press. ISBN 978-0-89608-480-3.
• Terrill, Robert (2004). Malcolm X: Inventing Radical Judgment. Lansing: Michigan State University Press. ISBN 978-0-87013-730-3.
• Tuck, Stephen (2014). The Night Malcolm X Spoke at the Oxford Union: A Transatlantic Story of Antiracist Protest. Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-27933-9.

Read further

• Abernethy, Graeme (2013). The Iconography of Malcolm X. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-1920-7.
• Baldwin, James (2007) [1973]. One Day, When I Was Lost: A Scenario Based on Alex Haley's "The Autobiography of Malcolm X". New York: Vintage. ISBN 978-0-307-27594-3.
• Bailey, A. Peter (2013). Witnessing Brother Malcolm X: The Master Teacher. Plantation, Florida: Llumina Press. ISBN 978-1-62550-039-7.
• Breitman, George (1967). The Last Year of Malcolm X: The Evolution of a Revolutionary. New York: Pathfinder Press. ISBN 978-0-87348-004-8.
• Breitman, George; Porter, Herman; Smith, Baxter (1991) [1976]. The Assassination of Malcolm X. New York: Pathfinder Press. ISBN 978-0-87348-632-3.
• Cleage, Albert B.; Breitman, George (1968). Myths About Malcolm X: Two Views. New York: Merit. OCLC 615819.
• Collins, Rodnell P.; with A. Peter Bailey (1998). Seventh Child: A Family Memoir of Malcolm X. Secaucus, New Jersey: Birch Lane Press. ISBN 978-1-55972-491-3.
• Conyers, James L. Jr.; Smallwood, Andrew P., eds. (2008). Malcolm X: A Historical Reader. Durham, North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-89089-228-2.
• DeCaro, Louis A. (1998). Malcolm and the Cross: The Nation of Islam, Malcolm X, and Christianity. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-1932-9.
• Dyson, Michael Eric (1995). Making Malcolm: The Myth and Meaning of Malcolm X. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-509235-6.
• Gallen, David, ed. (1992). Malcolm X: As They Knew Him. New York: Carroll & Graf. ISBN 978-0-88184-850-2.
• Goldman, Peter (1979). The Death and Life of Malcolm X (2nd ed.). Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-00774-3.
• Jamal, Hakim A. (1972). From The Dead Level: Malcolm X and Me. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-394-46234-9.
• Jenkins, Robert L. (2002). The Malcolm X Encyclopedia. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-29264-4.
• Kly, Yussuf Naim, ed. (1986). The Black Book: The True Political Philosophy of Malcolm X (El Hajj Malik El Shabazz). Atlanta: Clarity Press. ISBN 978-0-932863-03-4.
• Leader, Edward Roland (1993). Understanding Malcolm X: The Controversial Changes in His Political Philosophy. New York: Vantage Press. ISBN 978-0-533-09520-9.
• Lee, Spike; with Ralph Wiley (1992). By Any Means Necessary: The Trials and Tribulations of the Making of Malcolm X. New York: Hyperion. ISBN 978-1-56282-913-1.
• Marable, Manning; Felber, Garrett, eds. (2013). The Portable Malcolm X Reader. New York: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-310694-4.
• Payne, Les; Payne, Tamara (2020). The Dead Are Arising: The Life of Malcolm X. New York: Liveright. ISBN 978-1-63149-166-5.
• Roberts, Randy; Smith, Johnny (2016). Blood Brothers: The Fatal Friendship Between Muhammad Ali and Malcolm X. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-07970-4.
• Shabazz, Ilyasah; with Kim McLarin (2002). Growing Up X: A Memoir by the Daughter of Malcolm X. New York: One World. ISBN 978-0-345-44495-0.
• Sherwood, Marika (2011). Malcolm X Visits Abroad. Hollywood, California: Tsehai Publishers. ISBN 978-1-59907-050-6.
• Strickland, William; et al. (1994). Malcolm X: Make It Plain. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-017713-8.
• Terrill, Robert, ed. (2010). The Cambridge Companion to Malcolm X. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-73157-7.
• T'Shaka, Oba (1983). The Political Legacy of Malcolm X. Richmond, California: Pan Afrikan Publications. ISBN 978-1-878557-01-8.
• Waldschmidt-Nelson, Britta (2012). Dreams and Nightmares: Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, and the Struggle for Black Equality. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-3723-3.
• Wolfenstein, Eugene Victor (1989). The Victims of Democracy: Malcolm X and the Black Revolution. London: Free Association Books. ISBN 978-1-85343-111-1.
• Wood, Joe, ed. (1992). Malcolm X: In Our Image. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-06609-3.

External links

• Official website of the Estate of Malcolm X
• The Malcolm X Project at Columbia University
• Malcolm, website on the life and legacy of Malcolm X
• Malcolm Little (Malcolm X) file at Federal Bureau of Investigation
• Malcolm X at IMDb