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Masjid al-Haram

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Al-Masjid Al-Haram
congregational mosque, architectural landmark, educational institution
Native labelالمسجد الحرام Edit
Religion anaa worldviewIslam Edit
CountrySaudi Arabia Edit
Edey de administrative territorial entity insydMecca Edit
Coordinate location21°25′21″N 39°49′34″E Edit
Significant eventGrand Mosque Seizure, start of construction, Hajj, Umrah Edit
Architectural styleIslamic architecture Edit
Postal code31982 Edit
Dema official websitehttp://www.gph.gov.sa/ Edit
Map

Masjid al-Haram (ٱَلْمَسْجِدُ ٱلْحَرَام‎, romanized: al-Masjid al-Ḥarām, lit. 'De Sacred Mosque'),[1] dem sanso know am as de Sacred Mosque anaa de Great Mosque of Mecca,[2] ebe considered de most significant mosque insyd Islam.[3][4] E dey enclose de vicinity of de Kaaba insyd Mecca, insyd de Mecca Province of Saudi Arabia. Ebe among de pilgrimage sites dem associate plus de Hajj, wich every Muslim for perform at least once insyd dema lives if dem be able. E sanso be de main site for de performance of ʿUmrah, de lesser pilgrimage wey e go fi be undertaken any time of de year. De rites of both pilgrimages dey include circumambulating de Kaaba within de mosque. De Great Mosque dey include oda important significant sites, such as de Black Stone, de Zamzam Well, Maqam Ibrahim, den de hills of Safa and Marwa.[5]

As of 2024, na de Great Mosque be both de largest mosque insyd de world, den de most expensive building insyd de world. Na e undergo major renovations den expansions thru de years.[6] Na e pass thru de control of various caliphs, sultans den kings, wey now e dey under de control of de King of Saudi Arabia wey dem title de Custodian of de Two Holy Mosques.[7]

History

De Great Mosque dey contend plus de Quba Mosque insyd Medina as de oldest mosque.[8] According to Islamic tradition, Islam as a religion dey precede Muhammad,[9][10][11] wey dey represent previous prophets such as Abraham.[12] According to Islamic scholars, dem dey see Abraham as he build de Kaaba insyd Mecca, den consequently ein sanctuary, wich according to de Muslim view be seen as de first mosque[13] wey ever exist.[14][15][16] According to oda scholars, na Islam start during de lifetime of Muhammad insyd de 7th century CE,[17] den so did architectural components such as de mosque. For dat case, either de Mosque of de Companions[18] anaa Quba Mosque go be de first mosque wey na dem build insyd de history of Islam.[8]

Era of Abraham den Ismael

According to Islamic tradition insyd de Quran, na Abraham, togeda plus ein son Ismael, raise de foundations of a house,[19] wich na dem identify am by commentators as de Kaaba. According to Islamic tradition, dem say dat Allah show Abraham de exact site, wich na previously Adam build am, very near to wat now be de Well of Zamzam. After na Abraham build de Kaaba, na dem say an angel bring am de Black Stone, a celestial stone dat, according to tradition, fall from Heaven for de nearby hill Abu Qubays. Islamic scholars dey believe de Black Stone be de remnant per of de original structure wey Abraham make.

After placing de Black Stone insyd de Eastern corner of de Kaaba, Abraham reportedly receive a revelation for wich God tell de aged prophet say he for now go den proclaim de pilgrimage to mankind, so dat men fi cam both from Arabia den from lands far away, for camel den for foot.[20]

Era of Muhammad

Upon Muhammad ein victorious return to Mecca insyd 630 CE, Ali break de idols insyd den around de Kaaba, similar to wat, according to de Quran, na Abraham do insyd ein homeland. Thus he end polytheistic use of de Kaaba, wey he begin monotheistic rule over am den ein sanctuary.[21][22][23][24]

Umayyad era

De first major renovation to de mosque take place insyd 692, for de orders of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan.[25] Before dis renovation, wich include na dem raise de mosque ein outer walls, na de mosque be a small open area plus de Kaaba for de center. By de end of de 8th century, na dem replace de mosque ein old wooden columns plus marble columns wey na dem extend de wings of de prayer hall for both sides along plus de addition of a minaret on de orders of Al-Walid I.[26][27] De spread of Islam insyd de Middle East den de influx of pilgrims require an almost complete rebuilding of de site wich include make dem add more marble den three more minarets.

Ottoman era

Insys 1570, na Sultan Selim II commission de chief architect Mimar Sinan make he renovate de mosque. Dis renovation result insyd de replacement of de flat roof plus domes dem decorate plus calligraphy internally, den de placement of new support columns wich be acknowledged as de earliest architectural features of de present mosque. Dese features be de oldest surviving parts of de building.

During heavy rains den flash floods insyd 1621 den 1629, de walls of de Kaaba den de mosque suffer extensive damage.[28] Insyd 1629, during de reign of Sultan Murad IV, dem renovate de mosque. Insyd de renovation of de mosque, na dem add a new stone arcade, na dem build three more minarets (wey dey bring de total to seven), wey dem retile de marble flooring. Na dis be de unaltered state of de mosque for nearly three centuries.

De Great Mosque insyd an illustration of de Dala'il al-Khayrat of Mustafa Halim, 1750
De Great Mosque insyd an illustration of de Futuh al-Haramayn of Muhi Al-Din Lari, 1582
De mosque insyd 1850, during de Ottoman period
Plan of de Masjid al-Haram, 1884
De mosque insyd 1910, during de Ottoman period

COVID-19 Pandemic

For 5 March 2020, during de COVID-19 pandemic, na dem begin dey close de mosque for night wey na dem suspend de Umrah pilgrimage make e limit attendance.[29] Na de resumption of Umrah service begin for 4 October 2020 plus de first phase of a gradual resumption wey na ebe limited to Saudi citizens den expatriates from within de Kingdom at a rate of 30 percent.[30] Na 10,000 people per wey dem give Hajj visas insyd 2020 while dem give 60,000 people visas insyd 2021.

List of current den former Imams

Current Imams

  • Abd ar-Rahman as-Sudais, appointed Imam den Khateeb insyd 1984.[31] (Chief Imam den Presido of de Affairs of de Two Holy Mosques)
  • Salih bin Abdullah al Humaid, appointed Imam den Khateeb insyd 1982. Former Chairmo of Majlis Ash-Shura (Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia)
  • Usama bin Abdullah Khayyat, appointed Imam den Khateeb insyd 1998.
  • Mahir Al-Muayqali, appointed Imam insyd 2007, den Khateeb insyd 2016.
  • Abdullah Awad Al Juhany, appointed Imam insyd 2007 den Khateeb insyd 2019.
  • Faisal Jameel Ghazzawi, appointed Imam insyd 2008 - Khateeb insyd 2016.[32]
  • Bandar Baleela, appointed Imam insyd 2013, den Khateeb insyd 2019.[33]
  • Yasser Al-Dosari, appointed Imam insyd 2019 den Khateeb insyd 2022.
  • Waleed Al-Shamsan, appointed Guest Imam insyd Ramadan 2024, appointed permanent imam 7 months later insyd October 2024.[34]

Former Imams

Imams:[35]

  • Ahmad Khatib (Arabic: أَحْمَد خَطِيْب‎), Islamic scholar from Indonesia, dem appoint am as Imam during Ottoman rule.
  • Abdullah Abdul Ghani Khayat (Arabic: عبد الله عبد الغني خياط), appointed Imam den Khateeb from 1953 to 1984.
  • Abdullah Al-Khulaifi (Arabic: عَبْد ٱلله ٱلْخُلَيْفِي), appointed Imam den Khateeb from 1953 til death insyd 1993.
  • Abdullah Ibn Humaid, he serve as Imam from 1957 til 1981. He sanso serve as Presido of Affairs of de Two Holy Mosques den as Chief Justice of Saudi Arabia.
  • Mohammad Al-Subayyil (Arabic: مُحَمَّد ٱلسُّبَيِّل‎), he serve as Imam den Khateeb from 1965 to 2008. Na he be Chief Imam den Presido of de Agency for de Affairs of de Two Holy Mosques til 2008.
  • Ali bin Abdullah Jaber (Arabic: عَلِى بِن عَبْدُ ٱلله جَابِر‎), Imam from 1981 to 1983, guest Imam for Ramadhan 1986–1989.
  • Ali bin Abdur-Rahman Al-Huthaify (Arabic: عَلِي بِن عَبْدُ ٱلرَّحۡمٰن ٱلْحُذَيْفِي‎), guest Imam for Ramadhan 1981, 1985–1986, 1988–1991, now Chief Imam of de Prophet's Mosque.
  • Umar Al-Subayyil (Arabic: عُمَر ٱلسُّبَيِّل‎), Imam den Khateeb from 1993 til death insyd 2002.
  • Salah Ba'uthman (Arabic: صلاح باعثمان‎), guest Imam for Ramadan insyd 2016 wey he resign insyd 2017
  • Abdullah Al-Harazi (Arabic: عَبْد ٱلله الْحَرَازِي‎), former Chairmo of Saudi Majlis al-Shura.
  • Salah ibn Muhammad Al-Budair (Arabic: صَلَاح ابْن مُحَمَّد ٱلْبُدَيْر‎), he lead Taraweeh insyd Ramadan 1426 (2005) den 1427 (2006), now Deputy Chief Imam of de Prophet's Mosque.
  • Adil al-Kalbani (Arabic: عَادِل ٱلْكَلْبَانِي‎), he serve as Imam for Tarawih prayers insyd 2008.
  • Saleh Al-Talib, appointed Imam den Khatib insyd 2002 wey he serve til July 2018, wey dem imprison am by Saudi authorities secof he dey criticize dema actions insyd August of 2018 wey he dey serve 10 years insyd jail since then
  • Khalid al Ghamdi, he retire as Imam den Khatib of Masjid Al Haram insyd September 2018, 10 years after appointment.
  • Saud Al-Shuraim, appointed Imam den Khatib insyd 1992 wey he resign insyd 2022.

Pilgrimage

De Great Mosque be de main setting for de Hajj den Umrah pilgrimages[36] wey dey occur insyd de month of Dhu al-Hijja insyd de Islamic calendar den for any time of de year, respectively. De Hajj pilgrimage be one of de Pillars of Islam, dem require of all able-bodied Muslims wey fi afford de trip. For recent times, over 5 million Muslims perform de Hajj every year.[37]

Structures

  • De Ka'aba be a cuboid-shaped building insyd de center of de Great Mosque den de most sacred site insyd Islam.[38] Ebe de focal point for Islamic rituals like prayer den pilgrimage.[39][40]
  • De Black Stone be de eastern cornerstone of de Kaaba wey dey play a role insyd de pilgrimage.[41][42]
  • Maqam Ibrahim be a rock wey reportedly get an imprint of Abraham ein foot wey na dem keep am insyd a crystal dome next to de Kaaba.[43]
  • Safa den Marwa be two hills between wich Abraham ein wifey [Haajar] run, wey she dey look for water give ein infant son Ismael, an event wich dem dey commemorate insyd de ritual of de pilgrimage. [Sa'aee]
  • De Zamzam Well be de water source wich, according to tradition, spring miraculously after na Haajar be unable make she find water between Safa den Marwah.
  • Nearby be Makkah Al Mukarramah Library (21°25′30″N 39°49′48″E). Since ebe believed e stand for de spot wer na dem born Muhammad, e sanso be known as Bayt al-Mawlid.[44][45]
  • De Kaaba
    De Kaaba
  • De Black Stone
    De Black Stone
  • Maqam Ibrahim ein crystal dome
    Maqam Ibrahim ein crystal dome
  • Mount Marwah within de mosque
    Mount Marwah within de mosque
  • Mount Safa
    Mount Safa
  • De well of Zamzam wey locate beneath de floor (dem now cover de entrance)
    De well of Zamzam wey locate beneath de floor (dem now cover de entrance)

Destruction of heritage sites

Na der be sam controversy dat de expansion projects of de mosque den Mecca einself dey cause harm to early Islamic heritage. Chaw ancient buildings, sam more dan a thousand years old, na dem demolish dem to make room for de expansion. Sam examples be:[46][47]

  • Dār Al-Arqam, de Islamic school wer na Muhammad first teach, na dem flatten am to lay marble tiles.
  • Na dem demolish de house of Abu Jahal wey dem replace am by public washrooms.
  • N a dome wey serve as a canopy over de Well of Zamzam.
  • Na dem demolish sam Ottoman porticos for de Mosque.[48]

Read further

Online

References

  1. ↑ Denny, Frederick M. (9 August 1990). Kieckhefer, Richard; Bond, George D. (eds.). Sainthood: Its Manifestations in World Religions. University of California Press. p. 69. ISBN 9780520071896. Archived from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
  2. ↑ "Great Mosque of Mecca | History, Expansion, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica (in English). Archived from the original on 11 December 2019. Retrieved 2020-08-08.
  3. ↑ Ravindran, K. (5 January 2023). Holy Lands of Abrahamic Religions: A Brief History and Pilgrimage. Notion Press. ISBN 979-8-88869-631-6.
  4. ↑ Illustrated Dictionary of the Muslim World. Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC. 15 January 2011. ISBN 978-0-7614-9966-4.
  5. ↑ Quran 3:97 (Translated by Yusuf Ali)
  6. ↑ "Mecca crane collapse: Saudi inquiry into Grand Mosque disaster". BBC News. 12 September 2015. Archived from the original on 12 September 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
  7. ↑ "Is Saudi Arabia Ready for Moderate Islam? – Latest Gulf News". fairobserver.com. 3 November 2017. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 25 November 2017.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Palmer, A. L. (2016-05-26). Historical Dictionary of Architecture (2 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 185–236. ISBN 978-1442263093. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
  9. ↑ Esposito, John (1998). Islam: The Straight Path (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 9, 12. ISBN 978-0-19-511234-4.
  10. ↑ Esposito (2002b), pp. 4–5.
  11. ↑ Peters, F.E. (2003). Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians. Princeton University Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-691-11553-5.
  12. ↑ Alli, Irfan (2013-02-26). 25 Prophets of Islam. eBookIt.com. ISBN 978-1456613075. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
  13. ↑ Palmer, A. L. (2016-05-26). Historical Dictionary of Architecture (2nd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 185–236. ISBN 978-1442263093. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
  14. ↑ Michigan Consortium for Medieval and Early Modern Studies (1986). Goss, V. P.; Bornstein, C. V. (eds.). The Meeting of Two Worlds: Cultural Exchange Between East and West During the Period of the Crusades. Vol. 21. Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University. p. 208. ISBN 978-0918720580. Archived from the original on 20 November 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
  15. ↑ Mustafa Abu Sway. "The Holy Land, Jerusalem and Al-Aqsa Mosque in the Qur'an, Sunnah and other Islamic Literary Source" (PDF). Central Conference of American Rabbis. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-28.
  16. ↑ Dyrness, W. A. (2013-05-29). Senses of Devotion: Interfaith Aesthetics in Buddhist and Muslim Communities. Vol. 7. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 25. ISBN 978-1620321362. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
  17. ↑ Watt, William Montgomery (2003). Islam and the Integration of Society. Psychology Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-415-17587-6. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
  18. ↑ Reid, Richard J. (12 January 2012). "The Islamic Frontier in Eastern Africa". A History of Modern Africa: 1800 to the Present. John Wiley and Sons. p. 106. ISBN 978-0470658987. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  19. ↑ Quran 2:127 (Translated by Yusuf Ali)
  20. ↑ "Quran 22:27". Archived from the original on 3 October 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  21. ↑ Mecca: From Before Genesis Until Now, M. Lings, pg.
  22. ↑ Concise Encyclopedia of Islam, C. Glasse, Kaaba, Suhail Academy
  23. ↑ Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad (1955). Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah – The Life of Muhammad Translated by A. Guillaume. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 88–9. ISBN 9780196360331.
  24. ↑ Karen Armstrong (2002). Islam: A Short History. Random House Publishing. p. 11. ISBN 0-8129-6618-X.
  25. ↑ Guidetti, Mattia (2016). In the Shadow of the Church: The Building of Mosques in Early Medieval Syria: The Building of Mosques in Early Medieval Syria (in English). BRILL. p. 113. ISBN 9789004328839. Archived from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
  26. ↑ Petersen, Andrew (2002). Dictionary of Islamic Architecture (in English). Routledge. ISBN 9781134613656. Archived from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
  27. ↑ Ali, Wijdan (1999). The Arab Contribution to Islamic Art: From the Seventh to the Fifteenth Centuries (in English). American Univ in Cairo Press. ISBN 9789774244766. Archived from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
  28. ↑ James Wynbrandt (2010). A Brief History of Saudi Arabia. Infobase Publishing. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-8160-7876-9. Archived from the original on 3 January 2014. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
  29. ↑ "Saudi Arabia announces extraordinary measures to protect Mecca and Medina from coronavirus". Middle East Eye (in English). Archived from the original on 8 March 2020. Retrieved 2020-03-08.
  30. ↑ "COVID-19: 60,000 worshipers allowed to pray at Grand Mosque, Saudi Arabia, from Sunday". gulfnews.com (in English). 29 October 2020. Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 2020-10-30.
  31. ↑ "List of 10 Imams of Masjid al Haram | Who is the Current Imam? |". 28 April 2022.
  32. ↑ "Sheikh Dr. Faisal Jameel Ghazzawi, Makkah Grand Mosque imam". Arab News (in English). 2019-05-17. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 2021-08-28.
  33. ↑ "Who's Who: Sheikh Bandar Baleelah, imam at the Grand Mosque in Makkah". Arab News (in English). 2021-07-19. Archived from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 2021-08-28.
  34. ↑ "Sheikh Badr Al-Turki among four imams appointed at Two Holy Mosques". Saudigazette (in English). 2024-10-03. Retrieved 2024-10-04.
  35. ↑ الفوائد, صيد. "Names of Former Imams 1345–1435 Ah". شبكة صيد الفوائد الاسلامية. Archived from the original on 18 May 2018. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
  36. ↑ Mohammed, Mamdouh N. (1996). Hajj to Umrah: From A to Z. Mamdouh Mohammed. ISBN 0-915957-54-X.
  37. ↑ General statistics of the Umrah season of 1436 A.H. until 24:00 hours, 28/09/1436 A.H. Total Number of the Mu`tamirs: 5,715,051 "General statistics of the Umrah season of 1436 A.H." The Ministry of Hajj, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Archived from the original on 13 August 2015.
  38. ↑ Wensinck, A. J; Ka`ba.
  39. ↑ "In pictures: Hajj pilgrimage". BBC News. 7 December 2008. Archived from the original on 20 January 2009. Retrieved 8 December 2008.
  40. ↑ "As Hajj begins, more changes and challenges in store". altmuslim. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012.
  41. ↑ Shaykh Safi-Ar-Rahman Al-Mubarkpuri (2002). Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum (The Sealed Nectar): Biography of the Prophet. Dar-As-Salam Publications. ISBN 1-59144-071-8.
  42. ↑ Mohamed, Mamdouh N. (1996). Hajj to Umrah: From A to Z. Amana Publications. ISBN 0-915957-54-X.
  43. ↑ M.J. Kister, "Maḳām Ibrāhīm," p.105, The Encyclopaedia of Islam (new ed.), vol.
  44. ↑ "Bayt al-Mawlid". Hajj & Umrah Planner. Makkah. 6 April 2017. Retrieved 2022-07-18.
  45. ↑ Ibrahim, Abdul-Wahhab Abu Sulaiman (2012-04-07). "Establishing The Location of the Bayt al-Mawlid". Dar al-Hadith. Retrieved 2022-07-18.
  46. ↑ Taylor, Jerome (24 September 2011). "Mecca for the Rich: Islam's holiest site turning into Vegas". The Independent. Archived from the original on 16 June 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
  47. ↑ Abou-Ragheb, Laith (12 July 2005). "Dr.Sami Angawi on Wahhabi Desecration of Makkah". Center for Islamic Pluralism. Archived from the original on 22 July 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  48. ↑ "Ottoman Portico Demonstrates Kurşun's Lack of Knowledge of Historical Sources". Al Arabiya English (in English). 2020-07-19. Archived from the original on 24 April 2021. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
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