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Melancholia

From Wikipedia
melancholia
mental disorder
Subclass ofmajor depressive disorder Edit
Part ofpsychological terminology Edit
ICD-9-CM296.90 Edit

Melancholia anaa melancholy (Ancient Greek: μελαγχολία, romanized: melancholía; from μέλαινα χολή, mélaina cholḗ, 'black bile')[1][2] be a concept dem find thru out ancient, medieval, den premodern medicine insyd Europe wey dey describe a condition wey be characterized by markedly depressed mood, bodily complaints, den sam times hallucinations den delusions. Besides a pathological condition, melancholy sanso fi refer to a mood anaa temperament den at times na dem even dey use am as a description of de human condition in general.[3]

Melancholy (anaa more precisely de 'black bile', from wich melancholy dey derive ein name) na dem regard am as one of de four temperaments wey dey match de four humours.[4][5] Until de 18th century, na doctors den oda scholars classify melancholic conditions as such by dema perceived common cause – an excess of a notional fluid dem know as "black bile", wich na e commonly be linked to de spleen. Na Hippocrates den oda ancient physicians describe melancholia as a distinct disease plus mental den physical symptoms, wey dey include persistent fears den despondencies, poor appetite, abulia, sleeplessness, irritability, den agitation.[6][7] Later, na dem add fixed delusions by Galen den oda physicians to de list of symptoms.[8][9] Insyd de Middle Ages, na de understanding of melancholia shift to a religious perspective,[10][11] plus sadness dem see as a vice den demonic possession, rada dan somatic causes, as a potential cause of de disease.[12]

During de late 16th den early 17th centuries, na a cultural den literary cult of melancholia emerge insyd England, dem link to Neoplatonist den humanist Marsilio Ficino ein transformation of melancholia from a sign of vice into a mark of genius. Dis fashionable melancholy cam be a prominent theme insyd literature, art, den music of de era.

Between de late 18th den late 19th centuries, na melancholia be a common medical diagnosis.[13] Insyd dis period, na de focus dey on de abnormal beliefs dem associate plus de disorder, rada dan depression den affective symptoms.[9] Insyd de 19th century, na dem consider melancholia to be rooted in subjective 'passions' wey seemingly cause disordered mood (in contrast to modern biomedical explanations for mood disorders). Insyd Victorian Britain, na de notion of melancholia as a disease evolve as e cam be increasingly classifiable den diagnosable plus a set list of symptoms wey contribute to a biomedical model for de understanding mental disease.[14] However, insyd de 20th century, na de focus san shift, wey dem cam use de term essentially as a synonym give depression.[9] Indeed, na modern concepts of depression as a mood disorder eventually arise from dis historical context.[15] Today, dem still dey use de term "melancholia" den "melancholic" insyd medical diagnostic classification, such as insyd ICD-11 den DSM-5, to specify certain features wey fi be present insyd major depression.[16][17] De 20th den 21st century accounts of depression be de successors of melancholia insyd psychiatry, buh melancholia (anaa melancholy) sanso get a much wider use before de 19th century. Na e be a subject plus wich no be psychiatrists den doctors per, buh philosophers, poets, artists, den writers all sanso engaged. Na dis lead to a relatively ambiguous field of meaning, insyd wich na melancholy be accommodated within an understanding of human nature on de basis of humoral theory.[18]

Related terms dem use insyd historical medicine dey include lugubriousness (from Latin lugere, 'to mourn'),[19][20] moroseness (from Latin morosus, 'self-will anaa fastidious habit'),[20][21] wistfulness (from a blend of wishful den de obsolete English wistly, wey dey mean 'intently'),[20][22] den saturnineness (from Latin Saturninus, 'of de planet Saturn').[23][24]

References

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  1. ↑ Burton, Bk. I, p. 147
  2. ↑ Bell M (2014). Melancholia: The Western Malady (in English). United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-107-06996-1. Archived from the original on 2022-08-28. Retrieved 2022-08-28.
  3. ↑ Vinkesteijn (2025) The Language of Melancholy. Routledge.
  4. ↑ "The Four Human Temperaments". www.thetransformedsoul.com. Archived from the original on 2022-07-07. Retrieved 2022-08-28.
  5. ↑ Vinkesteijn (2025) The Language of Melancholy. Routledge. pp 13-48
  6. ↑ Hippocrates, Aphorisms, Section 6.23
  7. ↑ Epidemics, III, 16 cases, case II
  8. ↑ Clarke, R. J.; Macrae, R. (1988). Coffee: Physiology. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-85166-186-2. Archived from the original on 2022-07-03. Retrieved 2022-08-28 – via Google Books.
  9. 1 2 3 Telles-Correia, Diogo; Marques, João Gama (3 February 2015). "Melancholia Before the Twentieth Century: Fear and Sorrow or Partial Insanity?". Frontiers in Psychology. 6: 81. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00081. PMC 4314947. PMID 25691879.
  10. ↑ Azzone P. (2013) pp. 23ff.
  11. ↑ Azzone P (2012) Sin of Sadness: Acedia vel Tristitia Between Sociocultural Conditioning and Psychological Dynamics of Negative Emotions. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 31: 50–64.
  12. ↑ "18th-Century Theories of Melancholy & Hypochondria". loki.stockton.edu. Archived from the original on 2021-01-25. Retrieved 2022-08-28.
  13. ↑ Berrios G E (1988) Melancholia and Depression during the 19th Century. British Journal of Psychiatry 153: 289–304
  14. ↑ Berrios G E (1988) Melancholia and Depression during the 19th Century. British Journal of Psychiatry 153: 289–304
  15. ↑ Kendler KS (August 2020). "The Origin of Our Modern Concept of Depression-The History of Melancholia from 1780–1880: A Review" (PDF). JAMA Psychiatry. 77 (8): 863–868. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.4709. PMID 31995137. S2CID 210949394. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-08-12. Retrieved 2022-08-28.
  16. ↑ World Health Organization, "6A80.3 Current depressive episode with melancholia", International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 11th rev. (September 2020).
  17. ↑ American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5®) (in English). United States: American Psychiatric Publishing. p. 185. ISBN 978-0-89042-557-2. Archived from the original on 2021-07-10. Retrieved 2022-08-28.
  18. ↑ Vinkesteijn (2025) The Language of Melancholy. Routledge. pp 158-198
  19. ↑ "Definition of Lugubrious". Merriam-Webster Dictionary (in English). Retrieved 2022-12-07.
  20. 1 2 3 Porter, Stanley C.; Malcolm, Matthew R., eds. (2013-04-25). Horizons in Hermeneutics: A Festschrift in Honor of Anthony C. Thiselton. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-8028-6927-2. Melancholia [is] also translated as "lugubriousness," "moroseness," or "wistfulness".
  21. ↑ "Definition of Moroseness". Merriam-Webster Dictionary (in English). Retrieved 2022-12-07.
  22. ↑ "Definition of Wistfulness". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved December 7, 2022.
  23. ↑ "Definition of Saturnine". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved December 7, 2022.
  24. ↑ Wallace, Ian, ed. (2015). Voices from Exile: Essays in Memory of Hamish Ritchie. Brill. p. 213. ISBN 978-90-04-29639-8. [This is] what humour-based physiology of the renaissance and baroque periods described as saturnine melancholia.
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