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Melatonin

From Wikipedia
melatonin
type of chemical entity
Subclass oftryptamines, hormone Edit
Get useMedication Edit
Chemical formulaC₁₃H₁₆N₂O₂ Edit
Canonical SMILESCC(=O)NCCC1=CNC2=C1C=C(C=C2)OC Edit
Isomeric SMILESC/C(=N\CCC1=CNC2=C1C=C(C=C2)OC)/O Edit
Active ingredient inCircadin Edit
Medical condition treatedjet lag Edit
Physically dey interact plus5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B, Melatonin receptor 1A, Melatonin receptor 1B, Melatonin receptor 1B, Melatonin receptor 1A Edit
Subject has roleantioxidant, depressant, hormone, primary metabolite Edit
WordLift URLhttp://data.medicalrecords.com/medicalrecords/healthwise/melatonin Edit

Melatonin, an indoleamine, be a natural compound wey various organisms produce, wey dey include bacteria den eukaryotes.[1] Ein discovery insyd 1958 by Aaron B. Lerner den colleagues stem from de isolation of a substance from de pineal gland of cows wey fi induce skin lightening insyd common frogs. Dem later identify dis compound as a hormone dem secrete insyd de brain during de night, wey dey play a crucial role in regulating de sleep-wake cycle, dem sanso know as de circadian rhythm, insyd vertebrates.[2][3]

Insyd vertebrates, melatonin ein functions extend to synchronizing sleep-wake cycles, wey dey encompass sleep-wake timing den blood pressure regulation, as well as controlling seasonal rhythmicity (circannual cycle), wich dey include reproduction, fattening, molting, den hibernation.[4] Ein effects be mediated thru de activation of melatonin receptors den ein role as an antioxidant.[5][6][7] Insyd plants den bacteria, e dey serve as a defense mechanism against oxidative stress, wey dey indicate ein evolutionary significance.[8] Mitochondria, key organelles, be de main producers of melatonin,[9] wey dey underscore ein "ancient origins" den ein fundamental role in protecting de earliest cells from reactive oxygen species.[10][11]

In addition to ein endogenous functions as a hormone den antioxidant, melatonin sanso be administered exogenously as a dietary supplement den medication. Dem dey use melatonin medically primarily for sleep-related problems: for example, prolonged-release melatonin (Circadin) be approved insyd several countries for short-term treatment of insomnia insyd people aged 55 years of age anaa older.[12] Dem dey use am insyd de treatment of sleep disorders, wey dey include insomnia den various circadian rhythm sleep disorders.

References

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  1. ↑ Amaral, Fernanda Gaspar do; Cipolla-Neto, José (2018). "A brief review about melatonin, a pineal hormone". Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 62 (4): 472–479. doi:10.20945/2359-3997000000066. PMC 10118741. PMID 30304113. S2CID 52954755.
  2. ↑ Auld F, Maschauer EL, Morrison I, Skene DJ, Riha RL (August 2017). "Evidence for the efficacy of melatonin in the treatment of primary adult sleep disorders" (PDF). Sleep Medicine Reviews. 34: 10–22. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2016.06.005. hdl:20.500.11820/0e890bda-4b1d-4786-a907-a03b1580fd07. PMID 28648359.
  3. ↑ Faraone SV (2014). ADHD: Non-Pharmacologic Interventions, An Issue of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 888. ISBN 978-0-323-32602-5.
  4. ↑ Altun A, Ugur-Altun B (May 2007). "Melatonin: therapeutic and clinical utilization". International Journal of Clinical Practice. 61 (5): 835–45. doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2006.01191.x. PMID 17298593. S2CID 18050554.
  5. ↑ Boutin JA, Audinot V, Ferry G, Delagrange P (August 2005). "Molecular tools to study melatonin pathways and actions". Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 26 (8): 412–9. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2005.06.006. PMID 15992934.
  6. ↑ Hardeland R (July 2005). "Antioxidative protection by melatonin: multiplicity of mechanisms from radical detoxification to radical avoidance". Endocrine. 27 (2): 119–30. doi:10.1385/ENDO:27:2:119. PMID 16217125. S2CID 46984486.
  7. ↑ Reiter RJ, Acuña-Castroviejo D, Tan DX, Burkhardt S (June 2001). "Free radical-mediated molecular damage. Mechanisms for the protective actions of melatonin in the central nervous system". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 939 (1): 200–15. Bibcode:2001NYASA.939..200R. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03627.x. PMID 11462772. S2CID 20404509.
  8. ↑ Tan DX, Hardeland R, Manchester LC, Korkmaz A, Ma S, Rosales-Corral S, Reiter RJ (January 2012). "Functional roles of melatonin in plants, and perspectives in nutritional and agricultural science". Journal of Experimental Botany. 63 (2): 577–97. doi:10.1093/jxb/err256. PMID 22016420.
  9. ↑ Reiter, Russel J.; Tan, Dun Xian; Rosales-Corral, Sergio; Galano, Annia; Zhou, Xin Jia; Xu, Bing (2018). "Mitochondria: Central Organelles for Melatonin's Antioxidant and Anti-Aging Actions". Molecules. 23 (2): 509. doi:10.3390/molecules23020509. PMC 6017324. PMID 29495303.
  10. ↑ Manchester, Lucien C.; Coto-Montes, Ana; Boga, Jose Antonio; Andersen, Lars Peter H.; Zhou, Zhou; Galano, Annia; Vriend, Jerry; Tan, Dun-Xian; Reiter, Russel J. (2015). "Melatonin: an ancient molecule that makes oxygen metabolically tolerable". Journal of Pineal Research. 59 (4): 403–419. doi:10.1111/jpi.12267. PMID 26272235. S2CID 24373303.
  11. ↑ Zhao, Dake; Yu, Yang; Shen, Yong; Liu, Qin; Zhao, Zhiwei; Sharma, Ramaswamy; Reiter, Russel J. (2019). "Melatonin Synthesis and Function: Evolutionary History in Animals and Plants". Frontiers in Endocrinology. 10 249. doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00249. PMC 6481276. PMID 31057485.
  12. ↑ Riemann D, Espie CA, Altena E, Arnardottir ES, Baglioni C, Bassetti CL, Bastien C, Berzina N, Bjorvatn B, Dikeos D, Dolenc Groselj L, Ellis JG, Garcia-Borreguero D, Geoffroy PA, Gjerstad M, Gonçalves M, Hertenstein E, Hoedlmoser K, Hion T, Holzinger B, Janku K, Jansson-Fröjmark M, Järnefelt H, Jernelöv S, Jennum PJ, Khachatryan S, Krone L, Kyle SD, Lancee J, Leger D, Lupusor A, Marques DR, Nissen C, Palagini L, Paunio T, Perogamvros L, Pevernagie D, Schabus M, Shochat T, Szentkiralyi A, Van Someren E, van Straten A, Wichniak A, Verbraecken J, Spiegelhalder K (December 2023). "The European Insomnia Guideline: An update on the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia 2023". J Sleep Res. 32 (6) e14035. doi:10.1111/jsr.14035. hdl:11250/3121742. PMID 38016484.
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