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Menopause

From Wikipedia
menopause
biological process, women's disease
Subclass ofmenstrual cycle phase, climacteric, reproductive senescence Edit
Part ofdevelopment of the human body Edit
Facet givehuman reproduction, women's health Edit
Age of onsetadult onset Edit
Health specialtygynaecology Edit

Menopause be de time wen menstrual periods permanently stop, wey dey mark de end of de reproductive stage for de female human.[1][2][3] E typically dey occur between de ages of 45 den 55, although de exact timing fi vary.[4] Menopause be usually a natural change wey relate to a decrease in circulating blood estrogen levels.[1] E fi occur earlier in those wey smoke tobacco.[1][5] Oda causes include surgery dey remove both ovaries, sam types of chemotherapy, anaa anything wey dey lead to a decrease in hormone levels.[1][6] At de physiological level, menopause dey happen secof a decrease insyd de ovaries dema production of de hormones estrogen den progesterone.[1] While typically no dey hia, wey dey measure hormone levels insyd de blood anaa urine fi confirm a diagnosis.[7] Menopause be de opposite of menarche, de time wen periods start.[8]

Insyd de years before menopause, a woman ein periods typically cam be irregular,[9][10] wich dey mean say periods fi be longer anaa shorter in duration, anaa be lighter anaa heavier insyd de amount of flow.[9] During dis time, women often dey experience hot flashes; dese typically dey last from 30 seconds to ten minutes wey fi be associated plus shivering, night sweats, den reddening of de skin.[9] Hot flashes fi recur for four to five years.[2] Oda symptoms fi include vaginal dryness,[11] trouble sleeping, den mood changes.[9][12] De severity of symptoms dey vary between women.[2] Menopause sanso be known to cause thinning den drying of de skin as 30% of de skins collagen be lost during de first five years of menopause.[13] Menopause before de age of 45 years be considered to be "early menopause", den ovarian failure anaa surgical removal of de ovaries before de age of 40 years be termed "premature ovarian insufficiency".[14]

In addition to symptoms (hot flushes/flashes, night sweats, mood changes, arthralgia den vaginal dryness), de physical consequences of menopause dey include bone loss, increased central abdominal fat, den adverse changes insyd a woman ein cholesterol profile den vascular function.[14] Dese changes predispose postmenopausal women to increased risks of osteoporosis den bone fracture, den of cardio-metabolic disease (diabetes den cardiovascular disease).[14]

Medical professionals often dey define menopause as e occur wen a woman no get any menstrual bleeding for a year.[1] E sanso fi be defined by a decrease in hormone production by de ovaries.[15] Insyd those wey get surgery to remove dema uterus buh still get functioning ovaries, menopause no be considered e yet occur.[14] Dey follow de removal of de uterus, symptoms of menopause typically dey occur earlier.[16] Iatrogenic menopause dey occur wen both ovaries surgically be removed (oophorectomy) along plus de uterus for medical reasons.

Medical treatment of menopause primarily be to ameliorate symptoms den prevent bone loss.[17] Mild symptoms fi be improved plus treatment. Plus respect to hot flashes, avoiding nicotine, caffeine, den alcohol often be recommended; sleeping naked insyd a cool room den using a fan fi help. De most effective treatment give menopausal symptoms be menopausal hormone therapy (MHT).[11][17] Non-hormonal therapies give hot flashes dey include cognitive-behavioral therapy, clinical hypnosis, gabapentin, den fezolinetant anaa selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.[18][19] Dese no go improve symptoms such as neurocognitive impairments, joint pain anaa vaginal dryness, wich dey affect over 55% of women.[17] Neurocognitive symptoms of menopause fi be treated plus lisdexamfetamine. Exercise fi help plus sleep disturbances. Chaw of de concerns about de use of MHT raise by older studies no longer be considered barriers to MHT insyd healthy women.[17] High-quality evidence give de effectiveness of alternative medicine no be found.[2]

References

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Menopause basics | Office on Women's Health". womenshealth.gov (in English). Retrieved 2026-05-10.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Menopause: Overview. Institute for Quality & Efficiency in Health Care. July 2, 2020. Retrieved October 20, 2022 – via National Library of Medicine - Bookshelf.
  3. ↑ Angelou, Kyveli; Grigoriadis, Themos; Diakosavvas, Michail; Zacharakis, Dimitris; Athanasiou, Stavros (2020-04-08). "The Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause: An Overview of the Recent Data". Cureus (in English). 12 (4) e7586. doi:10.7759/cureus.7586. ISSN 2168-8184. PMC 7212735. PMID 32399320.
  4. ↑ Takahashi TA, Johnson KM (May 2015). "Menopause". The Medical Clinics of North America. 99 (3): 521–534. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2015.01.006. PMID 25841598.
  5. ↑ Warren M, Soares CN, eds. (2009). The menopausal transition: interface between gynecology and psychiatry ([Online-Ausg.] ed.). Basel: Karger. p. 73. ISBN 978-3-8055-9101-0.
  6. ↑ "Menopause & Chemotherapy - Managing Side Effects - Chemocare". chemocare.com. Archived from the original on 21 November 2012. Retrieved 2022-10-20.
  7. ↑ "How do health care providers diagnose menopause?". Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. 6 May 2013. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
  8. ↑ Wood J. "9". Dynamics of Human Reproduction: Biology, Biometry, Demography. Transaction Publishers. p. 401. ISBN 978-0-202-36570-1. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017.
  9. 1 2 3 4 "Menopause Symptoms and Relief". Office on Women's Health. February 22, 2021. Retrieved October 20, 2022.
  10. ↑ "What Is Menopause?". National Institute on Aging. September 30, 2021. Archived from the original on 28 July 2017. Retrieved October 20, 2022.
  11. 1 2 Mark, J. K. K.; Samsudin, S.; Looi, I.; Yuen, K. H. (2024-05-03). "Vaginal dryness: a review of current understanding and management strategies". Climacteric (in English). 27 (3): 236–244. doi:10.1080/13697137.2024.2306892. ISSN 1369-7137. PMID 38318859.
  12. ↑ Marino, Jean M. (November 2021). "Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause". Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health (in English). 66 (6): 729–739. doi:10.1111/jmwh.13277. ISSN 1526-9523. PMID 34464022.
  13. ↑ "Caring for your skin in menopause". American Academy of Dermatology Association.
  14. 1 2 3 4 Davis SR, Lambrinoudaki I, Lumsden M, Mishra GD, Pal L, Rees M, et al. (April 2015). "Menopause". Nature Reviews. Disease Primers. 1 (1) 15004. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2015.4. PMID 27188659.
  15. ↑ Sievert LL (2006). Menopause: a biocultural perspective ([Online-Ausg.] ed.). New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-8135-3856-3. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017.
  16. ↑ International position paper on women's health and menopause: a comprehensive approach. DIANE Publishing. 2002. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-4289-0521-4. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017.
  17. 1 2 3 4 Davis SR, Baber RJ (August 2022). "Treating menopause - MHT and beyond". Nature Reviews. Endocrinology. 18 (8): 490–502. doi:10.1038/s41574-022-00685-4. PMID 35624141. S2CID 249069157.
  18. ↑ "The 2023 nonhormone therapy position statement of The North American Menopause Society". Menopause (in English). 30 (6): 573–590. 2023-06-21. doi:10.1097/GME.0000000000002200. ISSN 1072-3714. PMID 37252752. S2CID 258969337.
  19. ↑ Krause MS, Nakajima ST (March 2015). "Hormonal and nonhormonal treatment of vasomotor symptoms". Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 42 (1): 163–179. doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2014.09.008. PMID 25681847.

Read further

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  • Rebecca Mead, "If You Can't Stand the Heat: Why menopause never gets old", The New Yorker, 10 March 2025, pp. 28–31. "If you've got ovaries, you'll go through it. Why do so many feel so blindsided?" (p. 28.)
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