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Metformin

From Wikipedia
metformin
type of chemical entity
Subclass ofbiguanide Edit
Part ofresponse to metformin Edit
Get useMedication Edit
Stylized namemetFORMIN Edit
Chemical formulaC₄H₁₁N₅ Edit
Canonical SMILESCN(C)C(=N)N=C(N)N Edit
Isomeric SMILES[H]/N=C(/N)\N/C(=N\[H])/N(C)C Edit
Active ingredient inGlucophage, Riomet, Fortamet, Glumetza Edit
World Health Organisation international non-proprietary namemetformin Edit
Found insyd taxonMorus alba Edit
Medical condition treatedmaturity-onset diabetes of the young type 2, hyperglycemia, diabetes Edit
Legal status (medicine)boxed warning Edit
Pregnancy categoryAustralian pregnancy category C, US pregnancy category B Edit
Described at URLhttps://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/metformin-oral-tablet#side-effects, https://www.diabetes.org.uk/guide-to-diabetes/managing-your-diabetes/treating-your-diabetes/tablets-and-medication/metformin, https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/metformin-oral-route/side-effects/drg-20067074 Edit
Subject has roleanti-diabetic medication, essential medicine Edit

Metformin, dem sell under de brand name Glucophage, among odas, be de main first-line medication give de treatment of type 2 diabetes,[1][2][3][4] particularly insyd people wey be overweight.[2] Dem sanso dey use am insyd de treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome,[3] wey dem sam times dey use am as an off-label adjunct to lessen de risk of metabolic syndrome insyd people wey dey take antipsychotic medication.[5] Na e show to inhibit inflammation,[6][7] wey e no be associated plus weight gain.[8] Dem dey take metformin by mouth.[3]

Metformin generally be well tolerated.[9] Common adverse effects dey include diarrhea, nausea, den abdominal pain.[3] E get a small risk of e dey cause low blood sugar.[3] High blood lactic acid level (acidosis) be a concern if dem use de medication in overly large doses anaa dem prescribe insyd people plus severe kidney problems.[10][11]

Metformin be a biguanide anti-hyperglycemic agent.[3] E dey work by decreasing glucose production insyd de liver, wey dey increase de insulin sensitivity of body tissues,[3] den dey increase GDF15 secretion, wich dey reduce appetite den caloric intake.[12][13][14][15]

Na dem first describe metformin insyd de scientific literature insyd 1922 by Emil Werner den James Bell.[16] Na French physician Jean Sterne begin de study insyd humans insyd de 1950s.[16] Na dem introduce am as a medication insyd France insyd 1957.[3][17] E dey on de World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[18] E be available as a generic medication.[3] Insyd 2023,na e be de second most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 85 million prescriptions.[19][20] Insyd Australia,na e be one of de top 10 most prescribed medications between 2017 den 2023.[21]

References

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  1. ↑ Draznin B, Aroda VR, Bakris G, Benson G, Brown FM, Freeman R, Green J, Huang E, Isaacs D, Kahan S, Leon J, Lyons SK, Peters AL, Prahalad P, Reusch JE, Young-Hyman D (January 2022). "9. Pharmacologic Approaches to Glycemic Treatment: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022". Diabetes Care. 45 (Suppl 1): S125 – S143. doi:10.2337/dc22-s009. PMID 34964831. S2CID 245538347.
  2. 1 2 Cosentino F, Grant PJ, Aboyans V, Bailey CJ, Ceriello A, Delgado V, Federici M, Filippatos G, Grobbee DE, Hansen TB, Huikuri HV, Johansson I, Jüni P, Lettino M, Marx N, Mellbin LG, Östgren CJ, Rocca B, Roffi M, Sattar N, Seferović PM, Sousa-Uva M, Valensi P, Wheeler DC (January 2020). "2019 ESC Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD". European Heart Journal. 41 (2): 255–323. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz486. hdl:2158/1181259. PMID 31497854.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Metformin Hydrochloride". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 24 December 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
  4. ↑ Maruthur NM, Tseng E, Hutfless S, Wilson LM, Suarez-Cuervo C, Berger Z, Chu Y, Iyoha E, Segal JB, Bolen S (June 2016). "Diabetes Medications as Monotherapy or Metformin-Based Combination Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". Annals of Internal Medicine. 164 (11): 740–751. doi:10.7326/M15-2650. PMID 27088241. S2CID 32016657.
  5. ↑ de Silva VA, Suraweera C, Ratnatunga SS, Dayabandara M, Wanniarachchi N, Hanwella R (October 2016). "Metformin in prevention and treatment of antipsychotic-induced weight gain: a systematic review and meta-analysis". BMC Psychiatry. 16 (1) 341. doi:10.1186/s12888-016-1049-5. PMC 5048618. PMID 27716110.
  6. ↑ Lin H, Ao H, Guo G, Liu M (2023). "The Role and Mechanism of Metformin in Inflammatory Diseases". Journal of Inflammation Research. 16: 5545–5564. doi:10.2147/JIR.S436147. PMC 10680465. PMID 38026260.
  7. ↑ Saisho Y (March 2015). "Metformin and Inflammation: Its Potential Beyond Glucose-lowering Effect". Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders Drug Targets. 15 (3): 196–205. doi:10.2174/1871530315666150316124019. PMID 25772174.
  8. ↑ "Type 2 diabetes and metformin. First choice for monotherapy: weak evidence of efficacy but well-known and acceptable adverse effects". Prescrire International. 23 (154): 269–272. November 2014. PMID 25954799.
  9. ↑ Triggle CR, Ding H (January 2017). "Metformin is not just an antihyperglycaemic drug but also has protective effects on the vascular endothelium". Acta Physiologica. 219 (1): 138–151. doi:10.1111/apha.12644. PMID 26680745. S2CID 312517.
  10. ↑ Blumenberg A, Benabbas R, Sinert R, Jeng A, Wiener SW (April 2020). "Do Patients Die with or from Metformin-Associated Lactic Acidosis (MALA)? Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of pH and Lactate as Predictors of Mortality in MALA". Journal of Medical Toxicology. 16 (2): 222–229. doi:10.1007/s13181-019-00755-6. PMC 7099117. PMID 31907741.
  11. ↑ Lipska KJ, Bailey CJ, Inzucchi SE (June 2011). "Use of metformin in the setting of mild-to-moderate renal insufficiency". Diabetes Care. 34 (6): 1431–7. doi:10.2337/dc10-2361. PMC 3114336. PMID 21617112.
  12. ↑ Coll AP, Chen M, Taskar P, Rimmington D, Patel S, Tadross JA, Cimino I, Yang M, Welsh P, Virtue S, Goldspink DA, Miedzybrodzka EL, Konopka AR, Esponda RR, Huang JT, Tung YC, Rodriguez-Cuenca S, Tomaz RA, Harding HP, Melvin A, Yeo GS, Preiss D, Vidal-Puig A, Vallier L, Nair KS, Wareham NJ, Ron D, Gribble FM, Reimann F, Sattar N, Savage DB, Allan BB, O'Rahilly S (February 2020). "GDF15 mediates the effects of metformin on body weight and energy balance". Nature. 578 (7795): 444–448. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1911-y. PMC 7234839. PMID 31875646.
  13. ↑ Day EA, Ford RJ, Smith BK, Mohammadi-Shemirani P, Morrow MR, Gutgesell RM, Lu R, Raphenya AR, Kabiri M, McArthur AG, McInnes N, Hess S, Paré G, Gerstein HC, Steinberg GR (December 2019). "Metformin-induced increases in GDF15 are important for suppressing appetite and promoting weight loss". Nature Metabolism. 1 (12): 1202–1208. doi:10.1038/s42255-019-0146-4. PMID 32694673. S2CID 213199603.
  14. ↑ Pappachan JM, Viswanath AK (January 2017). "Medical Management of Diabesity: Do We Have Realistic Targets?". Current Diabetes Reports. 17 (1) 4. doi:10.1007/s11892-017-0828-9. PMID 28101792. S2CID 10289148.
  15. ↑ LaMoia TE, Butrico GM, Kalpage HA, Goedeke L, Hubbard BT, Vatner DF, Gaspar RC, Zhang XM, Cline GW, Nakahara K, Woo S, Shimada A, Hüttemann M, Shulman GI (March 2022). "Metformin, phenformin, and galegine inhibit complex IV activity and reduce glycerol-derived gluconeogenesis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 119 (10) e2122287119. Bibcode:2022PNAS..11922287L. doi:10.1073/pnas.2122287119. PMC 8916010. PMID 35238637.
  16. 1 2 Fischer J (2010). Analogue-based Drug Discovery II. John Wiley & Sons. p. 49. ISBN 978-3-527-63212-1. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.
  17. ↑ Stargrove MB, Treasure J, McKee DL (2008). Herb, nutrient, and drug interactions: clinical implications and therapeutic strategies. St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby/Elsevier. p. 217. ISBN 978-0-323-02964-3. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.
  18. ↑ World Health Organization (2023). The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/371090. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02.
  19. ↑ "The Top 300 of 2023". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 12 August 2025. Retrieved 12 August 2025.
  20. ↑ Stargrove MB, Treasure J, McKee DL (2008). Herb, nutrient, and drug interactions: clinical implications and therapeutic strategies. St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby/Elsevier. p. 217. ISBN 978-0-323-02964-3. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.
  21. ↑ "Medicines in the health system". Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. 2 July 2024. Archived from the original on 30 September 2024. Retrieved 30 September 2024.
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