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Methylphenidate

From Wikipedia
methylphenidate
group of stereoisomers
Subclass ofcarboxylate ester, substituted benzene, piperidine Edit
Part ofresponse to methylphenidate Edit
Get useMedication Edit
Native labelmethylphenidatum Edit
Time of discovery anaa invention1944 Edit
Chemical formulaC₁₄H₁₉NO₂ Edit
Canonical SMILESCOC(=O)C(C1CCCCN1)C2=CC=CC=C2 Edit
World Health Organisation international non-proprietary namemethylphenidate Edit
Medical condition treatedattention deficit hyperactivity disorder, neurotic disorder, narcolepsy, hypersomnia Edit
Significant drug interactiontranylcypromine, isocarboxazid, phenelzine, procarbazine, (±)-deprenyl Edit
Physically dey interact plussolute carrier family 6 member 3, Solute carrier family 6 member 2 Edit
Route of administrationoral administration, transdermal administration Edit
Legal status (medicine)boxed warning Edit
Pregnancy categoryAustralian pregnancy category B3, US pregnancy category C Edit
Subject has roledopamine reuptake inhibitor, adrenergic uptake inhibitors, stimulant, nootropic Edit
MCN code2933.33.71 Edit

Methylphenidate, dem sell under de brand name Ritalin den Concerta, among odas, be a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant dem use insyd de treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) den narcolepsy. Dem fi take am by mouth anaa e fi be applied to de skin, wey na different formulationsget varying durations of effect.[1] For ADHD, de effectiveness of methylphenidate be comparable to atomoxetine[2][3][4][5] but modestly e be lower dan amphetamines,[6][7][8][9] wey dey alleviate de executive functioning deficits of sustained attention, inhibition, working memory, reaction time,[10] den emotional self-regulation.[11][12]

Common adverse reactions of methylphenidate dey include: euphoria, dilated pupils, tachycardia, palpitations, headache, insomnia, anxiety, hyperhidrosis, weight loss, decreased appetite, dry mouth, nausea, den abdominal pain. Withdrawal symptoms fi include: chills, depression, drowsiness, dysphoria, exhaustion, headache, irritability, lethargy, nightmares, restlessness, suicidal thoughts, den weakness.[13]

Dem dey believe methylphenidate to work by blocking de reuptake of dopamine den norepinephrine by neurons.[14][15] E be a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of de phenethylamine den piperidine classes. E be available as a generic medication.[16] Insyd 2023, na e be de 50th most commonly medication dem prescribe insyd de United States, plus more dan 13 million prescriptions.[17][18]

References

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  1. ↑ "Methylphenidate Hydrochloride Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. AHFS. Archived from the original on 19 December 2018. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
  2. ↑ Bushe C, Day K, Reed V, Karlsdotter K, Berggren L, Pitcher A, Televantou F, Haynes V (May 2016). "A network meta-analysis of atomoxetine and osmotic release oral system methylphenidate in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adult patients". Journal of Psychopharmacology. 30 (5): 444–458. doi:10.1177/0269881116636105. PMID 27005307. S2CID 104938.
  3. ↑ Hazell PL, Kohn MR, Dickson R, Walton RJ, Granger RE, Wyk GW (November 2011). "Core ADHD symptom improvement with atomoxetine versus methylphenidate: a direct comparison meta-analysis". Journal of Attention Disorders. 15 (8): 674–683. doi:10.1177/1087054710379737. PMID 20837981. S2CID 43503227.
  4. ↑ Hanwella R, Senanayake M, de Silva V (November 2011). "Comparative efficacy and acceptability of methylphenidate and atomoxetine in treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis". BMC Psychiatry. 11 (1) 176. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-11-176. PMC 3229459. PMID 22074258.
  5. ↑ Rezaei G, Hosseini SA, Akbari Sari A, Olyaeemanesh A, Lotfi MH, Yassini M, Bidaki R, Nouri B (10 February 2016). "Comparative efficacy of methylphenidate and atomoxetine in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran. 30: 325. PMC 4898838. PMID 27390695.
  6. ↑ Stuhec M, Lukić P, Locatelli I (February 2019). "Efficacy, Acceptability, and Tolerability of Lisdexamfetamine, Mixed Amphetamine Salts, Methylphenidate, and Modafinil in the Treatment of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 53 (2): 121–133. doi:10.1177/1060028018795703. PMID 30117329. S2CID 52019992.
  7. ↑ Faraone SV, Pliszka SR, Olvera RL, Skolnik R, Biederman J (June 2001). "Efficacy of Adderall and methylphenidate in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a reanalysis using drug-placebo and drug-drug response curve methodology". Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 11 (2): 171–180. doi:10.1089/104454601750284081. PMID 11436957. ProQuest 204600452.
  8. ↑ Faraone SV, Biederman J, Roe C (October 2002). "Comparative efficacy of Adderall and methylphenidate in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 22 (5): 468–473. doi:10.1097/00004714-200210000-00005. PMID 12352269. S2CID 19726926.
  9. ↑ Faraone SV, Buitelaar J (April 2010). "Comparing the efficacy of stimulants for ADHD in children and adolescents using meta-analysis". European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 19 (4): 353–364. doi:10.1007/s00787-009-0054-3. PMID 19763664. S2CID 9447892.
  10. ↑ Isfandnia F, El Masri S, Radua J, Rubia K (July 2024). "The effects of chronic administration of stimulant and non-stimulant medications on executive functions in ADHD: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 162 105703. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105703. PMID 38718988.
  11. ↑ Faraone SV, Banaschewski T, Coghill D, Zheng Y, Biederman J, Bellgrove MA, Newcorn JH, Gignac M, Al Saud NM, Manor I, Rohde LA, Yang L, Cortese S, Almagor D, Stein MA, Albatti TH, Aljoudi HF, Alqahtani MM, Asherson P, Atwoli L, Bölte S, Buitelaar JK, Crunelle CL, Daley D, Dalsgaard S, Döpfner M, Espinet S, Fitzgerald M, Franke B, Gerlach M, Haavik J, Hartman CA, Hartung CM, Hinshaw SP, Hoekstra PJ, Hollis C, Kollins SH, Sandra Kooij JJ, Kuntsi J, Larsson H, Li T, Liu J, Merzon E, Mattingly G, Mattos P, McCarthy S, Mikami AY, Molina BS, Nigg JT, Purper-Ouakil D, Omigbodun OO, Polanczyk GV, Pollak Y, Poulton AS, Rajkumar RP, Reding A, Reif A, Rubia K, Rucklidge J, Romanos M, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Schellekens A, Scheres A, Schoeman R, Schweitzer JB, Shah H, Solanto MV, Sonuga-Barke E, Soutullo C, Steinhausen HC, Swanson JM, Thapar A, Tripp G, van de Glind G, van den Brink W, Van der Oord S, Venter A, Vitiello B, Walitza S, Wang Y (September 2021). "The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 Evidence-based conclusions about the disorder". Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 128: 789–818. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.022. PMC 8328933. PMID 33549739.
  12. ↑ Kamradt JM, Ullsperger JM, Nikolas MA (2014). "Executive function assessment and adult attention-deficit/Hyperactivity disorder: Tasks versus ratings on the Barkley Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale". Psychological Assessment. 26 (4): 1095–1105. doi:10.1037/pas0000006. PMID 24885846.
  13. ↑ "Methylphenidate Hydrochloride Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. AHFS. Archived from the original on 19 December 2018. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
  14. ↑ Arnsten AF, Li BM (June 2005). "Neurobiology of executive functions: catecholamine influences on prefrontal cortical functions". Biological Psychiatry. 57 (11): 1377–1384. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.08.019. PMID 15950011. S2CID 22992765.
  15. ↑ Stahl SM (11 April 2013). Stahl's Essential Psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific basis and practical applications (4th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-68646-5.
  16. ↑ "Methylphenidate Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com (in English). American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 3 February 2019. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
  17. ↑ "Top 300 of 2023". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 12 August 2025. Retrieved 12 August 2025.
  18. ↑ "Methylphenidate Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2014 - 2023". ClinCalc. Retrieved 17 August 2025.
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