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Modafinil

From Wikipedia
modafinil
group of stereoisomers
Subclass ofchemical compound Edit
Get useMedication, performance-enhancing substance, pharmaceutical product Edit
Chemical formulaC₁₅H₁₅NO₂S Edit
Canonical SMILESC1=CC=C(C=C1)C(C2=CC=CC=C2)S(=O)CC(=O)N Edit
Active ingredient inProvigil Edit
Legal status (medicine)boxed warning Edit
Pregnancy categoryAustralian pregnancy category B3, US pregnancy category C Edit
LiverTox likelihood scoreLiverTox toxicity likelihood category E Edit
Subject has roledopamine reuptake inhibitor, cytochrome P-450 CYP3A inducers, Wakefulness-Promoting Agents, nootropic Edit
Used byUnited States Air Force Edit

Modafinil, dem sell under de brand name Provigil among odas, be a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant den eugeroic (wakefulness promoter) medication dem use primarily to treat narcolepsy,[1][2][3] a sleep disorder wey be characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness den sudden sleep attacks.[4] Dem sanso approve modafinil for stimulating wakefulness insyd people plus sleep apnea den shift work sleep disorder.[1] Dem dey take am by mouth.[1][2] Modafinil no be approved by de US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use insyd people under 18 years old.[2]

Common side effects of modafinil dey include anxiety, insomnia, dizziness, den headache. Modafinil get potential for causing severe allergic reactions, psychiatric effects,[1] hypersensitivity, adverse interactions plus prescription drugs, den misuse anaa abuse.[1][2][3] Modafinil fi harm de fetus if dem take am during anaa two months prior to pregnancy.[5]

While dem dey use modafinil as a cognitive enhancer, anaa "smart drug", among healthy individuals wey dey seek improved focus den productivity,[6][7] ein use outsyd medical supervision dey raise concerns regarding potential misuse anaa abuse.[1][2][8] Na research on de cognitive enhancement effects of modafinil insyd non-sleep deprived individuals yield mixed results, plus sam studies wey dey suggest modest improvements in attention den executive functions, while odas dey show no significant benefits anaa a decline in cognitive functions at high doses.[9][10]

De mechanism of action no be fully defined, buh dem dey think e dey act mainly as an atypical dopamine transporter inhibitor wey modestly dey increase dopamine insyd cortical den striatal regions widout de rapid signaling dem see plus classical stimulants. Dis effect be accompanied by activation of noradrenergic, orexin, histamine, glutamate, den GABA systems wey togeda dey promote stable wakefulness den cortical activation. Dese combined actions likely dey explain modafinil ein wake-promoting den cognitive effects plus a lower risk of euphoria den abuse dan amphetamine-like stimulants.[11][12][13]

References

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Modafinil Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. September 23, 2023. Archived from the original on March 30, 2019. Retrieved February 3, 2024.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 "DailyMed - PROVIGIL- modafinil tablet". dailymed.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2026-01-20.
  3. 1 2 "Modafinil". MedlinePlus. US National Library of Medicine. February 15, 2016. Archived from the original on December 7, 2023. Retrieved February 3, 2024.
  4. ↑ Maski K, Trotti LM, Kotagal S, Robert Auger R, Rowley JA, Hashmi SD, Watson NF (September 2021). "Treatment of central disorders of hypersomnolence: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine clinical practice guideline". Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. 17 (9): 1881–1893. doi:10.5664/jcsm.9328. PMC 8636351. PMID 34743789.
  5. ↑ Kaplan S, Braverman DL, Frishman I, Bartov N (February 2021). "Pregnancy and Fetal Outcomes Following Exposure to Modafinil and Armodafinil During Pregnancy". JAMA Internal Medicine. 181 (2): 275–277. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.4009. PMC 7573789. PMID 33074297.
  6. ↑ Slotnik DE. "Smart drugs". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on December 3, 2023. Retrieved December 3, 2023.
  7. ↑ Slotnik DE (October 11, 2017). "Michel Jouvet, Who Unlocked REM Sleep's Secrets, Dies at 91". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 3, 2023. Retrieved December 3, 2023.
  8. ↑ Greenblatt K, Adams N (February 2022). "Modafinil". StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 30285371. NCBIBook | NBK531476.
  9. ↑ Zamanian MY, Karimvandi MN, Nikbakhtzadeh M, Zahedi E, Bokov DO, Kujawska M, Heidari M, Rahmani MR (2023). "Effects of Modafinil (Provigil) on Memory and Learning in Experimental and Clinical Studies: From Molecular Mechanisms to Behaviour Molecular Mechanisms and Behavioural Effects". Current Molecular Pharmacology. 16 (4): 507–516. doi:10.2174/1874467215666220901122824. PMID 36056861. S2CID 252046371.
  10. ↑ Hashemian SM, Farhadi T (2020). "A review on modafinil: the characteristics, function, and use in critical care". Journal of Drug Assessment. 9 (1): 82–86. doi:10.1080/21556660.2020.1745209. PMC 7170336. PMID 32341841.
  11. ↑ Gerrard P, Malcolm R (June 2007). "Mechanisms of modafinil: A review of current research". Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 3 (3): 349–364. PMC 2654794. PMID 19300566.
  12. ↑ Wisor J (October 2013). "Modafinil as a catecholaminergic agent: empirical evidence and unanswered questions". Frontiers in Neurology. 4: 139. doi:10.3389/fneur.2013.00139. PMC 3791559. PMID 24109471.
  13. ↑ Thorpy MJ, Bogan RK (April 2020). "Update on the pharmacologic management of narcolepsy: mechanisms of action and clinical implications". Sleep Medicine. 68: 97–109. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2019.09.001. PMID 32032921. S2CID 203405397.
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