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Morphine

From Wikipedia
morphine
type of chemical entity
Subclass ofmorphinan alkaloid Edit
Get useMedication Edit
Time of discovery anaa invention1804 Edit
Stereoisomer of(+)-morphine, Morphinan-3,6-diol, 7,8-didehydro-4,5-epoxy-17-methyl-, (5alpha,6alpha,14alpha)-, (5alpha,6beta)-7,8-Didehydro-4,5-epoxy-17-methylmorphinan-3,6-diol Edit
Chemical formulaC₁₇H₁₉NO₃ Edit
Canonical SMILESCN1CCC23C4C1CC5=C2C(=C(C=C5)O)OC3C(C=C4)O Edit
Isomeric SMILESCN1CC[C@]23[C@@H]4[C@H]1CC5=C2C(=C(C=C5)O)O[C@H]3[C@H](C=C4)O Edit
Medical condition treatedpain, dyspnea, fibromyalgia Edit
Physically dey interact plusOpioid receptor delta 1, opioid receptor kappa 1, opioid receptor mu 1 Edit
Pregnancy categoryAustralian pregnancy category C, US pregnancy category C Edit
Subject has roleopioid receptor agonist, opioid, narcotic, essential medicine Edit

Morphine, dem formerly know as morphium, be an opiate dem find naturally insyd opium, a dark brown resin wey be produced by drying de latex of opium poppies (Papaver somniferum). Dem mainly dey use am as an analgesic (pain medication). Der be chaw methods dem used to administer morphine: oral; sublingual; via inhalation; injection into a muscle, injection under de skin, anaa injection into de spinal cord area; transdermal; intravenously; anaa via rectal suppository.[1][2] E dey act directly on de central nervous system (CNS) to induce analgesia den alter perception den emotional response to pain. Physical den psychological dependence den tolerance fi develop plus repeated administration.[1] Dem fi take am for both acute pain den chronic pain wey e frequently be used for pain from myocardial infarction, kidney stones, den during labor.[1] Ein maximum effect be reached after about 20 minutes wen dem administer am intravenously den 60 minutes wen dem administer am by mouth, while de duration of ein effect be 3–7 hours.[1][3] Dem dey sell long-acting formulations of morphine under de brand names MS Contin den Kadian, among odas. Generic long-acting formulations sanso be available.[1]

Common side effects of morphine dey include drowsiness, euphoria, nausea, dizziness, sweating, den constipation.[1] Potentially serious side effects of morphine dey include decreased respiratory effort, vomiting, den low blood pressure.[1] Morphine be highly addictive den prone to abuse.[1] If one ein dose be reduced after long-term use, opioid withdrawal symptoms fi occur.[1] Dem dey advise caution for de use of morphine during pregnancy anaa breastfeeding, as e fi affect de health of de baby.[1][4]

Na dem first isolate morphine insyd 1804 by German pharmacist Friedrich Sertürner.[5][6] Dem dey believe dis to be de first isolation of a medicinal alkaloid from a plant.[7] Na Merck begin dey market am commercially insyd 1827.[6] Na morphine be more widely used after de invention of de hypodermic syringe insyd 1853–1855.[6][8] Na Sertürner originally name de substance morphium, after de Greek god of dreams, Morpheus, as e get a tendency to cause sleep.[8][9]

De primary source of morphine be isolation from poppy straw of de opium poppy.[10] Insyd 2013, na dem produce approximately 523 tons of morphine.[11] Approximately na dem use 45 tons directly for pain, an increase of 400% over de last twenty years.[11] Na chaw use for dis purpose be insyd de developed world.[11] Dem use about 70% of morphine to make oda opioids such as hydromorphone, oxymorphone, den heroin.[11][12][13] E be a Schedule II drug insyd de United States,[12] Class A insyd de United Kingdom,[14] den Schedule I insyd Canada.[15] E dey on de World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[16] Insyd 2023, na e be de 156th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 3 million prescriptions.[17][18] E be available as a generic medication.[19]

References

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Morphine sulfate". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 2 May 2015. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
  2. ↑ Stefano GB, Ptáček R, Kuželová H, Kream RM (2012). "Endogenous morphine: up-to-date review 2011" (PDF). Folia Biologica. 58 (2): 49–56. doi:10.14712/fb2012058020049. PMID 22578954. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 August 2016. Retrieved 10 October 2016. Positive evolutionary pressure has apparently preserved the ability to synthesize chemically authentic morphine, albeit in homeopathic concentrations, throughout animal phyla.
  3. ↑ Rockwood CA (2009). Rockwood and Wilkins' fractures in children (7th ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-58255-784-7. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.
  4. ↑ "Morphine Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com (in English). Retrieved 2026-01-05.
  5. ↑ Trescot AM, Datta S, Lee M, Hansen, H (March 2008). "Opioid Pharmacology". Pain Physician. 11 (2): S133-53. doi:10.36076/ppj.2008/11/S133. PMID 18443637.
  6. 1 2 3 Courtwright DT (2009). Forces of habit drugs and the making of the modern world (1 ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. pp. 36–37. ISBN 978-0-674-02990-3. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.
  7. ↑ Luch A, ed. (2009). Molecular, clinical and environmental toxicology. Springer. p. 20. ISBN 978-3-7643-8335-0.
  8. 1 2 Mosher CJ (2013). Drugs and Drug Policy: The Control of Consciousness Alteration. SAGE Publications. p. 123. ISBN 978-1-4833-2188-2. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.
  9. ↑ Fisher GL (2009). Encyclopedia of substance abuse prevention, treatment, & recovery. Los Angeles: SAGE. p. 564. ISBN 978-1-4522-6601-5. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.
  10. ↑ Narcotic Drugs Estimated World Requirements for 2008, Statistics for 2006. New York: United Nations Pubns. 2008. p. 77. ISBN 978-92-1-048119-9. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Narcotic Drugs 2014 (PDF). INTERNATIONAL NARCOTICS CONTROL BOARD. 2015. pp. 21, 30. ISBN 978-92-1-048157-1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 June 2015.
  12. 1 2 Triggle DJ (2006). Morphine. New York: Chelsea House Publishers. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-1-4381-0211-5.
  13. ↑ Karch SB (2006). Drug abuse handbook (2nd ed.). Boca Raton: CRC/Taylor & Francis. pp. 7–8. ISBN 978-1-4200-0346-8.
  14. ↑ Macpherson G, ed. (2002). Black's Medical Dictionary. Nature. Vol. 87 (40th ed.). p. 162. Bibcode:1911Natur..87R.313.. doi:10.1038/087313b0. ISBN 978-0-7136-5442-4. S2CID 3979058. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.
  15. ↑ Davis's Canadian Drug Guide for Nurses. F.A. Davis. 2014. p. 1409. ISBN 978-0-8036-4086-3.
  16. ↑ World Health Organization (2021). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/345533. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02.
  17. ↑ "Top 300 of 2023". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 12 August 2025. Retrieved 12 August 2025.
  18. ↑ "Morphine Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2023". ClinCalc. Retrieved 19 August 2025.
  19. ↑ "First Generic Drug Approvals 2023". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 30 May 2023. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 30 June 2023.
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