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Myasthenia gravis

From Wikipedia
myasthenia gravis
designated intractable/rare disease, designated intractable/rare disease, class of disease
Health specialtyneurology Edit
Genetic associationTNIP1, CTLA4 Edit
External data available at URLhttp://www.nanbyou.or.jp/entry/120 Edit
ICD-9-CM358.00, 358.0 Edit
NCI Thesaurus IDC60989 Edit

Myasthenia gravis (MG) be a long-term neuromuscular junction disease wey dey lead to varying degrees of skeletal muscle weakness.[1] De most commonly affected muscles be those of de eyes, face, den swallowing.[1][2] E fi result in double vision, drooping eyelids, den difficulties in talking den walking.[1] Onset fi be sudden.[1] Those wey be affected often get a large thymus anaa develop a thymoma.[1]

Myasthenia gravis be an autoimmune disease of de neuromuscular junction wich dey result from antibodies wey dey block anaa destroy nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChR) at de junction between de nerve den muscle.[1][3][4] Dis dey prevent nerve impulses from triggering muscle contractions.[1] Chaw cases be secof immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) den IgG3 antibodies wey dey attack AChR insyd de postsynaptic membrane, wey dey cause complement-mediated damage den muscle weakness.[5] Rarely, an inherited genetic defect insyd de neuromuscular junction dey result in a similar condition dem know as congenital myasthenia.[6][7] Babies of mommies plus myasthenia fi get symptoms during dema first few months of life, dem know as neonatal myasthenia[1] anaa more specifically transient neonatal myasthenia gravis.[8] Diagnosis fi be supported by blood tests for specific antibodies, de edrophonium test, electromyography (EMG), anaa a nerve conduction study.[1]

Mild forms of myasthenia gravis fi be treated plus medications dem know as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, such as neostigmine den pyridostigmine.[1] Immunosuppressants, such as prednisone anaa azathioprine, sanso fi be required for more severe symptoms wey acetylcholinesterase inhibitors be insufficient to treat.[1] De surgical removal of de thymus fi improve symptoms insyd certain cases.[1] Plasmapheresis den high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin fi be used wen oral medications be insufficient to treat severe symptoms, wey dey include during sudden flares of de condition.[1] If de breathing muscles cam be significantly weak, mechanical ventilation fi be required.[1] Once intubated acetylcholinesterase inhibitors fi be temporarily held make e reduce airway secretions.[9]

Myasthenia gravis dey affect 50 to 200 people per million.[10][11] E be newly diagnosed insyd 3 to 30 people per million each year.[12] Diagnosis cam be more common secof increased awareness.[12] Myasthenia gravis most commonly dey occur insyd women under de age of 40 den insyd men over de age of 60.[1][2][13] E be uncommon insyd kiddies.[1] Plus treatment, chaw dey live to an average life expectancy.[1] De word be from de Greek mys, "muscle" den asthenia "weakness", den de Latin gravis, "serious".[14]

References

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 "Myasthenia Gravis Fact Sheet". National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Archived from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  2. 1 2 Salari N, Fatahi B, Bartina Y, Kazeminia M, Fatahian R, Mohammadi P, et al. (December 2021). "Global prevalence of myasthenia gravis and the effectiveness of common drugs in its treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Journal of Translational Medicine. 19 (1) 516. doi:10.1186/s12967-021-03185-7. PMC 8686543. PMID 34930325.
  3. ↑ Young C, McGill SC (April 2021). Rituximab for the Treatment of Myasthenia Gravis: A 2021 Update [Internet] (Report). Ottawa (ON): Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. PMID 34255447. Archived from the original on 7 July 2022. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
  4. ↑ Dabi A, Solieman N, Kurukumbi M, Kalyanam J (2012). "Myasthenia Gravis: A Review". Autoimmune Diseases. 2012: 1–10. doi:10.1155/2012/874680. PMC 3501798. PMID 23193443.
  5. ↑ Phillips WD, Vincent A (1 January 2016). "Pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis: update on disease types, models, and mechanisms". F1000Research. 5: 1513. doi:10.12688/f1000research.8206.1. PMC 4926737. PMID 27408701.
  6. ↑ Kandel E, Schwartz J, Jessel T, Siegelbaum S, Hudspeth A (2012). Principles of Neural Science (5 ed.). pp. 318–319.
  7. ↑ Vrinten C, van der Zwaag AM, Weinreich SS, Scholten RJ, Verschuuren JJ (December 2014). "Ephedrine for myasthenia gravis, neonatal myasthenia and the congenital myasthenic syndromes". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014 (12) CD010028. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010028.pub2. PMC 7387729. PMID 25515947.
  8. ↑ Lindroos JL, Bjørk MH, Gilhus NE (February 2024). "Transient Neonatal Myasthenia Gravis as a Common Complication of a Rare Disease: A Systematic Review". Journal of Clinical Medicine. 13 (4): 1136. doi:10.3390/jcm13041136. PMC 10889526. PMID 38398450.
  9. ↑ Godoy DA, Mello LJ, Masotti L, Di Napoli M (September 2013). "The myasthenic patient in crisis: an update of the management in Neurointensive Care Unit". Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria. 71 (9A): 627–39. doi:10.1590/0004-282X20130108. PMID 24141444.
  10. ↑ Kaminski HJ (2009). Myasthenia Gravis and Related Disorders (2 ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 72. ISBN 978-1-59745-156-7. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.
  11. ↑ Adams JG (2012). Emergency Medicine: Clinical Essentials (2 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 844. ISBN 978-1-4557-3394-1. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.
  12. 1 2 McGrogan A, Sneddon S, de Vries CS (2010). "The incidence of myasthenia gravis: a systematic literature review". Neuroepidemiology. 34 (3): 171–183. doi:10.1159/000279334. PMID 20130418.
  13. ↑ Conti-Fine BM, Milani M, Kaminski HJ (November 2006). "Myasthenia gravis: past, present, and future". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 116 (11): 2843–2854. doi:10.1172/JCI29894. PMC 1626141. PMID 17080188.
  14. ↑ Ehrlich A, Schroeder CL (2014). Introduction to Medical Terminology. Cengage Learning. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-133-95174-2. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.

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