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Nature-based solutions

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nature-based solutions
social issue
Subclass ofnatural landscape, management Edit
Example for a nature-based solution insyd de area of water resource management: dis riparian buffer dey protect a creek insyd lowa, United States from de impact of adjacent land uses

Nature-based solutions (anaa nature-based systems, den abbreviated as NBS anaa NbS) describe de development den use of (biodiversity) den natural processes to address diverse socio-environmental issues.[1][2] Dese issues dey include climate change mitigation den adaptation, human security issues such as water security den food security, den disaster risk reduction.[3] De aim be dat resilient ecosystems (whether natural, managed, anaa newly created) provide solutions for de benefit of both societies den biodiversity.[4] De 2019 UN Climate Action Summit dey highlight nature-based solutions as an effective method to combat climate change.[5] For example, nature-based systems for climate change adaptation fit include natural flood management, restoring natural coastal defences, den providing local cooling.[6]: 310 

De concept of NBS be related to de concept of ecological engineering[7] den ecosystem-based adaptation.[6]: 284  NBS sanso be related, conceptually to de practice of ecological restoration. De sustainable management approach be a key aspect of NBS development den implementation.

Mangrove restoration efforts along coastlines provide an example of a nature-based solution dat fit achieve multiple goals. Mangroves moderate de impact of waves den wind on coastal settlements anaa cities,[8] wey dem dey sequester carbon.[9] Dem sanso provide nursery zones for marine life wich be important for sustaining fisheries. Additionally, mangrove forests fit help to control coastal erosion wey dey result from sea level rise.

Green roofs, blue roofs, den green walls (as part of green infrastructure) sanso be nature-based solutions dat fit be implemented insud urban areas. Dem fit reduce de effects of urban heat islands, capture stormwater, abate pollution, den act as carbon sinks. At de same time, dem fi enhance local biodiversity.[10]

NBS systems den solutions dey form an increasing part of national den international policies on climate change. Dem be included insyd climate change policy, infrastructure investment, den climate finance mechanisms. De European Commission pay increasing attention to NBS since 2013.[11] Dis be reflected insyd de majority of global NBS case studies wey Debele et al (2023) review dey locate insyd Europe.[3] While der be much scope for scaling-up nature-based systems den solutions globally, dem frequently encounter numerous challenges during planning den implementation.[3][12][13]

De IPCC dey point out dat de term be "de subject of ongoing debate, plus concerns wey e fi lead to de misunderstanding dat NbS on ein own fi provide a global solution to climate change".[14]: 24  To clarify dis point further, de IPCC sanso state say "nature-based systems no fi be regarded as an alternative to, anaa a reason to delay, deep cuts insyd GHG emissions".[6]: 203 

Definition

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Mangroves protect coastlines against erosion (Cape Coral, Florida, United States)

De International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) dey define NBS as "actions to protect, sustainably manage, den restore natural anaa modified ecosystems, dat address societal challenges effectively den adaptively, simultaneously providing human well-being den biodiversity benefits".[15] Societal challenges of relevance here dey include climate change, food security, disaster risk reduction, water security.

Insyd oda words: "Nature-based solutions be interventions dat use de natural functions of healthy ecosystems to protect de environment buh sanso dey provide numerous economic den social benefits."[16]: 1403  Dem be used both insyd de context of climate change mitigation as well as adaptation.[17]: 469 

De European Commission ein definition of NBS dey state say dese solutions be "inspired den supported by nature, wich be cost-effective, simultaneously provide environmental, social den economic benefits den help build resilience. Such solutions bring more, den more diverse, nature den natural features den processes into cities, landscapes, den seascapes, thru locally adapted, resource-efficient den systemic interventions".[18] Insyd 2020, de EC definition be updated to further emphasise dat "Nature-based solutions for benefit biodiversity den support de delivery of a range of ecosystem services."[19]

De IPCC Sixth Assessment Report point out dat de term nature-based solutions be "widely but not universally used insyd de scientific literature".[14]: 24  As of 2017, de term NBS was still regarded as "poorly defined den vague".[20]

De term ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) be a subset of nature-based solutions den "aims to maintain den increase de resilience den reduce de vulnerability of ecosystems den people insyd de face of de adverse effects of climate change".[6]: 284 

History of de term

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De term nature-based solutions was put forward by practitioners insyd de late 2000s. At dat time e was used by international organisations such as de International Union for Conservation of Nature den de World Bank insyd de context of finding new solutions to mitigate den adapt to climate change effects by working plus natural ecosystems rather dan relying purely on engineering interventions.[11][21][15]: 3 

Chaw indigenous peoples have recognised de natural environment as playing an important role insyd human well-being as part of their traditional knowledge systems, but dis idea did not enter into modern scientific literature until de 1970's plus de concept of ecosystem services.[15]: 2 

De IUCN refer to NBS insyd a position paper for de United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.[22] De term sanso be adopted by European policymakers, insyd particular by de European Commission, insyd a report[23] stressing dat NBS fi offer innovative means to create jobs den growth as part of a green economy. De term start to make appearances insyd de mainstream media around de time of de Global Climate Action Summit insyd California insyd September 2018.[24]

Objectives den framing

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Coastal habitat protection at Morro Strand State Beach insyd San Luis Obispo County, California

Nature-based solutions stress de sustainable use of nature in solving coupled environmental-social-economic challenges.[11] NBS go beyond traditional biodiversity conservation den management principles by "re-focusing" de debate on humans den specifically integrating societal factors such as human well-being den poverty reduction, socio-economic development den governance principles.

De general objective of NBS be clear, namely de sustainable management den use of Nature for tackling societal challenges.[25] However, different stakeholders view NBS from a variety of perspectives.[7] For instance, de IUCN puts de need for well-managed den restored ecosystems at de heart of NBS, plus de overarching goal of "Supporting de achievement of society's development goals den safeguard human well-being insyd ways dat reflect cultural den societal values den enhance de resilience of ecosystems, their capacity for renewal den de provision of services".[26]

De European Commission underlines dat NBS fi transform environmental den societal challenges into innovation opportunities, by turning natural capital into a source for green growth den sustainable development.[23] Within dis viewpoint, nature-based solutions to societal challenges "bring chaw, den chaw diverse, nature den natural features den processes into cities, landscapes den seascapes, through locally adapted, resource-efficient den systemic interventions".[27] As a result, NBS has been suggested as a means of implementing de nature-positive goal to halt den reverse nature loss by 2030, den achieve full nature recovery by 2050.[28]

Categories

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De IUCN proposes to consider NBS as an umbrella concept.[15] Categories den examples of NBS approaches according to de IUCN include:[15]

Category of NBS approaches Examples
Ecosystem restoration approaches Ecological restoration, ecological engineering, forest landscape restoration
Issue-specific ecosystem-related approaches Ecosystem-based adaptation, ecosystem-based mitigation, climate adaptation services, ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction
Infrastructure-related approaches Natural infrastructure, green infrastructure
Ecosystem-based management approaches Integrated coastal zone management, integrated water resources management
Ecosystem protection approaches Area-based conservation approaches wey dey include protected area management

Types

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Schematic presentation of de NBS typology.[7]

Scientists propose a typology to characterise NBS along two gradients:[7]

  1. "How much engineering of biodiversity den ecosystems be involved insyd NBS", den
  2. "How many ecosystem services den stakeholder groups are targeted by a given NBS".

De typology highlights dat NBS fi involve very different actions on ecosystems (from protection, to management, anaa even de creation of new ecosystems) den be based on de assumption dat de higher de number of services den stakeholder groups targeted, de lower de capacity to maximise de delivery of each service den simultaneously fulfil de specific needs of all stakeholder groups.

As such, three types of NBS are distinguished (hybrid solutions exist along dis gradient both insyd space den time. For instance, at a landscape scale, mixing protected den managed areas could be required to fulfill multi-functionality den sustainability goals):

References

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  1. ↑ Girardin, Cécile A. J.; Jenkins, Stuart; Seddon, Nathalie; Allen, Myles; Lewis, Simon L.; Wheeler, Charlotte E.; Griscom, Bronson W.; Malhi, Yadvinder (2021). "Nature-based solutions can help cool the planet — if we act now". Nature. 593 (7858): 191–194. Bibcode:2021Natur.593..191G. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-01241-2. PMID 33981055.
  2. ↑ Frantzeskaki, Niki; McPhearson, Timon; Collier, Marcus J; Kendal, Dave; Bulkeley, Harriet; Dumitru, Adina; Walsh, Claire; Noble, Kate; van Wyk, Ernita; Ordóñez, Camilo; Oke, Cathy; Pintér, László (2019). "Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Climate Change Adaptation: Linking Science, Policy, and Practice Communities for Evidence-Based Decision-Making". BioScience. 69 (6): 455–466. doi:10.1093/biosci/biz042. hdl:2183/36896.
  3. 1 2 3 Debele, S. E.; Leo, L. S.; Kumar, P.; Sahani, J.; Ommer, J.; Bucchignani, E.; Vranić, S.; Kalas, M.; Amirzada, Z.; Pavlova, I.; Shah, M. A. R.; Gonzalez-Ollauri, A.; Di Sabatino, S. (2023). "Nature-based solutions can help reduce the impact of natural hazards: A global analysis of NBS case studies". Science of the Total Environment (in English). 902 165824. Bibcode:2023ScTEn.90265824D. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165824. hdl:11585/953217. PMID 37527720.
  4. ↑ Eggermont, Hilde; Balian, Estelle; Azevedo, José Manuel N.; Beumer, Victor; Brodin, Tomas; Claudet, Joachim; Fady, Bruno; Grube, Martin; Keune, Hans (2015). "Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe" (PDF). Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society (in English). 24 (4): 243–248. doi:10.14512/gaia.24.4.9. S2CID 53518417. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 May 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  5. ↑ Environment, U. N. (2019). "Nature-Based Solutions for Climate". UNEP - UN Environment Programme (in English). Retrieved 2024-01-11.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Chausson, Alexandre; Turner, Beth; Seddon, Dan; Chabaneix, Nicole; Girardin, Cécile A. J.; Kapos, Valerie; Key, Isabel; Roe, Dilys; Smith, Alison; Woroniecki, Stephen; Seddon, Nathalie (2020-09-09). "Mapping the effectiveness of nature-based solutions for climate change adaptation". Global Change Biology. 26 (11): 6134–6155. Bibcode:2020GCBio..26.6134C. doi:10.1111/gcb.15310. ISSN 1354-1013. PMID 32906226. S2CID 221621517.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Eggermont, Hilde; Balian, Estelle; Azevedo, José Manuel N.; Beumer, Victor; Brodin, Tomas; Claudet, Joachim; Fady, Bruno; Grube, Martin; Keune, Hans (2015). "Nature-based Solutions: New Influence for Environmental Management and Research in Europe" (PDF). Gaia - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society (in English). 24 (4): 243–248. doi:10.14512/gaia.24.4.9. hdl:10400.3/4170. S2CID 53518417. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 May 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  8. ↑ Marois, Darryl E.; Mitsch, William J. (2 January 2015). "Coastal protection from tsunamis and cyclones provided by mangrove wetlands – a review". International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management. 11 (1): 71–83. Bibcode:2015IJBSE..11...71M. doi:10.1080/21513732.2014.997292. ISSN 2151-3732. S2CID 86554474.
  9. ↑ Inoue, Tomomi (2019), "Carbon Sequestration in Mangroves", Blue Carbon in Shallow Coastal Ecosystems, Singapore: Springer Singapore, pp. 73–99, doi:10.1007/978-981-13-1295-3_3, ISBN 978-981-13-1294-6, S2CID 133839393
  10. ↑ "Evaluating the potential of nature-based solutions to reduce ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon dioxide through a multi-type green infrastructure study in Ontario, Canada". ScienceDirect. April 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2026.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  11. 1 2 3 Faivre, Nicolas; Fritz, Marco; Freitas, Tiago; de Boissezon, Birgit; Vandewoestijne, Sofie (2017). "Nature-Based Solutions in the EU: Innovating with nature to address social, economic and environmental challenges". Environmental Research. 159: 509–518. Bibcode:2017ER....159..509F. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.032. ISSN 0013-9351. PMID 28886502. S2CID 42573101.
  12. ↑ Wamsler, C.; Wickenberg, B.; Hanson, H.; Alkan Olsson, J.; Stålhammar, S.; Björn, H.; Falck, H.; Gerell, D.; Oskarsson, T.; Simonsson, E.; Torffvit, F. (2020). "Environmental and climate policy integration: Targeted strategies for overcoming barriers to nature-based solutions and climate change adaptation". Journal of Cleaner Production. 247 119154. Bibcode:2020JCPro.24719154W. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119154. ISSN 0959-6526.
  13. ↑ Chausson, Alexandre; Turner, Beth; Seddon, Dan; Chabaneix, Nicole; Girardin, Cécile A. J.; Kapos, Valerie; Key, Isabel; Roe, Dilys; Smith, Alison; Woroniecki, Stephen; Seddon, Nathalie (2020-09-09). "Mapping the effectiveness of nature-based solutions for climate change adaptation". Global Change Biology. 26 (11): 6134–6155. Bibcode:2020GCBio..26.6134C. doi:10.1111/gcb.15310. ISSN 1354-1013. PMID 32906226. S2CID 221621517.
  14. 1 2 IPCC, 2022: Summary for Policymakers [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, M. Tignor, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem (eds.)]. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3–33, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.001.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 Cohen-Shacham, E., G. Walters, C. Janzen, S. Maginnis (eds). 2016. Nature-based solutions to address global societal challenges. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. Xiii + 97 pp. Downloadable from https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46191 Archived 1 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  16. ↑ Dubash, N.K., C.  Mitchell, E.L.  Boasson, M.J.  Borbor-Cordova, S.  Fifita, E.  Haites, M.  Jaccard, F.  Jotzo, S.  Naidoo, P.  Romero-Lankao, M.  Shlapak, W.  Shen, L. Wu, 2022: Chapter 13: National and sub-national policies and institutions. In IPCC, 2022: Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D.  McCollum, M.  Pathak, S.  Some, P. Vyas, R.  Fradera, M.  Belkacemi, A.  Hasija, G.  Lisboa, S.  Luz, J.  Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.015
  17. ↑ Lecocq, F., H. Winkler, J.P. Daka, S. Fu, J.S. Gerber, S. Kartha, V. Krey, H. Lofgren, T. Masui, R. Mathur, J. Portugal-Pereira, B.  K. Sovacool,  M. V. Vilariño,  N. Zhou, 2022: Chapter 4: Mitigation and development pathways in the near- to mid-term. In IPCC, 2022: Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van  Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.006
  18. ↑ "Nature-Based Solutions - European Commission". Archived from the original on 23 September 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
  19. ↑ Wild, Tom; Freitas, Tiago; Vandewoestijne, Sofie (2020). Nature-based Solutions - State of the Art in EU-funded Projects (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
  20. ↑ "'Nature-based solutions' is the latest green jargon that means more than you might think". Nature (in English). 541 (7636): 133–134. 2017. Bibcode:2017Natur.541R.133.. doi:10.1038/541133b. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 28079099. S2CID 4455842.
  21. ↑ MacKinnon, K., C. Sobrevila, V. Hickey. 2008. Biodiversity, climate change and adaptation: nature-based solutions from the Word Bank portfolio. Washington D.C.: World Bank.
  22. ↑ IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2009. No time to lose – make full use of nature-based solutions in the post-2012 climate change regime. Position paper on the Fifteenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 15). Gland: IUCN.
  23. 1 2 European Commission. 2015. Towards an EU Research and Innovation policy agenda for nature-based solutions & re-naturing cities. Final Report of the Horizon2020 Expert Group on Nature-Based Solutions and Re-Naturing Cities. Brussels: European Commission.
  24. ↑ "Global Climate Action Summit kicks off today in San Francisco with nature-based solutions high on the agenda". Global Climate Action Summit kicks off today in San Francisco with nature-based solutions high on the agenda. 12 September 2018. Archived from the original on 13 September 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  25. ↑ IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2016. Resolution 077 World Conservation Congress 2016, Hawaiʻi (https://web.archive.org/web/20190808140530/https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077 Archived 2019-08-08 at the Wayback Machine) 17. European Commission. 2016. Horizon2020 Work Programme 2016–2017 – 12. Climate action, environment, resource efficiency & raw materials, 99 pp. (http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf Archived 13 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine)
  26. ↑ IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2016. Resolution 077 World Conservation Congress 2016, Hawaiʻi (https://web.archive.org/web/20190808140530/https://portals.iucn.org/congress/motion/077 Archived 8 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine)
  27. ↑ European Commission. 2016. Horizon2020 Work Programme 2016–2017 – 12. Climate action, environment, resource efficiency & raw materials, 99 pp. (http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-climate_en.pdf Archived 13 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine)
  28. ↑ Milner-Gulland, E.J.; Addison, Prue; Arlidge, William N.S.; Baker, Julia; Booth, Hollie; Brooks, Thomas; Bull, Joseph W.; Burgass, Michael J.; Ekstrom, Jon; zu Ermgassen, Sophus O.S.E.; Fleming, L. Vincent; Grub, Henry M.J.; von Hase, Amrei; Hoffmann, Michael; Hutton, Jonathan (2021-01-22). "Four steps for the Earth: mainstreaming the post-2020 global biodiversity framework". One Earth. 4 (1): 75–87. Bibcode:2021OEart...4...75M. doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2020.12.011. ISSN 2590-3322.
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Nature-based solutions insyd de context of climate change:

Nature-based solutions insyd oda contexts:

Dem retrieve am from "https://gpe.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nature-based_solutions&oldid=104465"