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Near-sightedness

From Wikipedia
myopia
class of disease, signs den symptoms
Subclass ofrefractive error, visual impairment, disease Edit
Health specialtyoptometry Edit
Possible treatmentspherical lens Edit
ICD-9-CM367.1 Edit
ICPC 2 IDF91 Edit
NCI Thesaurus IDC102533 Edit
Opposite ofhyperopia Edit

Myopia, dem sanso know as near-sightedness den short-sightedness,[1] be an eye condition[2][3] wer light from distant objects dey focus in front of, instead of on, de retina.[4][5][6] As a result, distant objects dey appear blurry, while close objects dey appear normal.[4] Oda symptoms fi include headaches den eye strain.[4][7] Severe myopia be associated plus an increased risk of macular degeneration, retinal detachment, cataracts, den glaucoma.[8]

Myopia dey result from de length of de eyeball wey dey grow too long anaa less commonly de lens be too strong.[4][9] E be a type of refractive error.[4] Diagnosis be by de use of cycloplegics during eye examination.[5][10]

Myopia be less common insyd people wey spend more time outsyd during kiddie time.[11][12] Dis lower risk fi be secof greater exposure to sunlight.[13][14] Myopia fi be corrected plus eyeglasses, contact lenses, anaa by refractive surgery.[4][15] Eyeglasses are the simplest and safest method of correction.[4] Contact lenses fi provide a relatively wider corrected field of vision, buh dem be associated plus an increased risk of infection.[4][16] Refractive surgeries such as LASIK den PRK permanently change de shape of de cornea. Oda procedures dey include implantable collamer lens (ICL) placement insyd de anterior chamber in front of de natural eye lens. ICL no dey affect de cornea.[4][17]

Myopia be de most common eye problem wey be estimated to affect 1.5 billion people (22% of de world population).[18] Rates dey vary significantly insyd different areas of de world. Rates among adults be between 15% den 49%.[19][20] Among kiddies, e dey affect 1% of rural Nepalese, 4% of South Africans, 12% of people insyd de US, den 37% insyd sam large Chinese cities.[19] Insyd China de proportion of girlies be slightly higher dan boys.[21] Na rates increase since de 1950s.[22] Uncorrected myopia be one of de most common causes of vision impairment globally along plus cataracts, macular degeneration, den vitamin A deficiency.[22][23][24][25]

References

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  1. ↑ Bikas, Bhattacharyya (2009). Textbook of Visual Science and Clinical Optometry (in English) (First ed.). New Delhi, India: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publisher. p. 143. ISBN 978-81-8448-599-8.
  2. ↑ "Myopia: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment and Complications".
  3. ↑ "Myopia | Specsavers UK". Archived from the original on 2020-05-20. Retrieved 2025-07-29.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Facts About Refractive Errors". NEI. October 2010. Archived from the original on 28 July 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
  5. 1 2 Foster, P. J.; Jiang, Y. (February 2014). "Epidemiology of myopia". Eye (London, England). 28 (2): 202–208. doi:10.1038/eye.2013.280. ISSN 1476-5454. PMC 3930282. PMID 24406412.
  6. ↑ "Nearsightedness: What Is Myopia?". American Academy of Ophthalmology (in English). 2022-09-22. Retrieved 2023-10-03.
  7. ↑ Whitney, Seltman. "Eye Health and Nearsightedness in Children and Adults". WebMD (in English). Retrieved 2023-10-03.
  8. ↑ Haarman, Annechien E. G.; Enthoven, Clair A.; Tideman, J. Willem L.; Tedja, Milly S.; Verhoeven, Virginie J. M.; Klaver, Caroline C. W. (2020-04-29). "The Complications of Myopia: A Review and Meta-Analysis". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 61 (4): 49. doi:10.1167/iovs.61.4.49. ISSN 0146-0404. PMC 7401976. PMID 32347918.
  9. ↑ Ledford A, Nemeth SC, Ledford JK (2008). Ocular anatomy and physiology (2nd ed.). Thorofare, NJ: SLACK. p. 158. ISBN 978-1-55642-792-3. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.
  10. ↑ Ajay Kumar, Bhootra (2014). Clinical Refraction Guide (in English) (First ed.). New Delhi, India: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) LTD. p. 63. ISBN 978-93-5152-063-4.
  11. ↑ Ramamurthy D, Lin Chua SY, Saw SM (November 2015). "A review of environmental risk factors for myopia during early life, childhood and adolescence". Clinical & Experimental Optometry (Review). 98 (6): 497–506. doi:10.1111/cxo.12346. PMID 26497977.
  12. ↑ Xiong S, Sankaridurg P, Naduvilath T, Zang J, Zou H, Zhu J, et al. (September 2017). "Time spent in outdoor activities in relation to myopia prevention and control: a meta-analysis and systematic review". Acta Ophthalmologica. 95 (6): 551–566. doi:10.1111/aos.13403. PMC 5599950. PMID 28251836.
  13. ↑ Hobday R (January 2016). "Myopia and daylight in schools: a neglected aspect of public health?". Perspectives in Public Health. 136 (1): 50–5. doi:10.1177/1757913915576679. PMID 25800796. S2CID 19400451.
  14. ↑ Sims, Chris (29 March 2025). "Simulating the outdoors inside schools seems to slow myopia". New Scientist. 265 (3536): 10. doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(25)00487-7.
  15. ↑ "Short-sightedness (myopia)". nhs.uk (in English). 2017-10-23. Retrieved 2023-10-25.
  16. ↑ "Benefits of Vision Correction with Contact Lenses | Contact Lenses | CDC". www.cdc.gov (in American English). 2022-11-30. Retrieved 2023-10-25.
  17. ↑ Chen, Xun; Wang, Xiao-Ying; Zhang, Xi; Chen, Zhi; Zhou, Xing-Tao (2016-10-18). "Implantable collamer lens for residual refractive error after corneal refractive surgery". International Journal of Ophthalmology. 9 (10): 1421–1426. doi:10.18240/ijo.2016.10.09. ISSN 2222-3959. PMC 5075656. PMID 27803858.
  18. ↑ Holden B, Sankaridurg P, Smith E, Aller T, Jong M, He M (February 2014). "Myopia, an underrated global challenge to vision: where the current data takes us on myopia control". Eye. 28 (2): 142–6. doi:10.1038/eye.2013.256. PMC 3930268. PMID 24357836.
  19. 1 2 Pan CW, Ramamurthy D, Saw SM (January 2012). "Worldwide prevalence and risk factors for myopia". Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics. 32 (1): 3–16. doi:10.1111/j.1475-1313.2011.00884.x. PMID 22150586. S2CID 32397628.
  20. ↑ Pan CW, Dirani M, Cheng CY, Wong TY, Saw SM (March 2015). "The age-specific prevalence of myopia in Asia: a meta-analysis". Optometry and Vision Science. 92 (3): 258–66. doi:10.1097/opx.0000000000000516. PMID 25611765. S2CID 42359341.
  21. ↑ Dong L, Kang YK, Li Y, Wei WB, Jonas JB (March 2020). "Prevalence And Time Trends Of Myopia In Children And Adolescents In China: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis". Retina. 40 (3): 399–411. doi:10.1097/IAE.0000000000002590. PMID 31259808. S2CID 195756787.
  22. 1 2 Pan CW, Dirani M, Cheng CY, Wong TY, Saw SM (March 2015). "The age-specific prevalence of myopia in Asia: a meta-analysis". Optometry and Vision Science. 92 (3): 258–66. doi:10.1097/opx.0000000000000516. PMID 25611765. S2CID 42359341.
  23. ↑ Fredrick, Douglas R (2002-05-18). "Myopia". BMJ: British Medical Journal. 324 (7347): 1195–1199. doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7347.1195. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 1123161. PMID 12016188.
  24. ↑ "Common Eye Disorders and Diseases | CDC". www.cdc.gov (in American English). 2023-09-29. Retrieved 2023-10-25.
  25. ↑ "Vision impairment and blindness". www.who.int (in English). Retrieved 2023-10-25.
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