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Niger River

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Niger River
river
Native label𞤃𞤢𞥄𞤴𞤮 𞤔𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭𞤦𞤢, كوَرَ, Ọya Edit
Origin of the watercourseFouta Djallon Edit
Mouth of the watercourseGulf of Guinea Edit
Lake for watercourse topKainji Lake Edit
Drainage basinNiger basin Edit
Basin countryGuinea Edit
CountryBenin, Guinea, Mali, Niger, Nigeria Edit
Located in time zoneUTC+01:00 Edit
Coordinate location9°5′50″N 10°40′58″W, 5°19′20″N 6°28′9″E Edit

De Niger River (/ˈnaɪdʒər/ NY-jər; French: (le) fleuve Niger [(lə) flœv niʒɛʁ]) be de main river of West Africa, wey dey extend about 4,180 kilometres (2,600 miles). Ein drainage basin be 2,117,700 km2 (817,600 sq mi) in area.[1] Ein source dey insyd de Guinea Highlands insyd south-eastern Guinea near de Sierra Leone border.[2][3] E dey run insyd a crescent shape thru southwest Mali den thru southwest Niger, on de border plus Benin, den then thru Nigeria, wey dey discharge thru a massive delta, dem know as de Niger Delta,[4] into de Gulf of Guinea insyd de Atlantic Ocean. De Niger be de 14th-longest river insyd de world den de third-longest river insyd Africa, wey be exceeded by de Nile den de Congo River. Ein main tributary be de Benue River.[5]

Etymology

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Commercial activity along de river front at Boubon, insyd Niger

De Niger get different names insyd de different languages of de region:

  • Fula: Maayo Jaaliba 𞤃𞤢𞥄𞤴𞤮 𞤔𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭𞤦𞤢
  • Manding: Jeliba ߖߋ߬ߟߌߓߊ߬ anaa Joliba ߖߏ߬ߟߌߓߊ߬ "great river"
  • Tuareg: Eġərəw n-Igərǝwăn ⴴⵔⵓ ⵏ ⴴⵔⵓⵏ "river of rivers"
  • Songhay: Isa "de river"
  • Zarma: Isa Beeri "great river"[6]
  • Hausa: Kwara كوَرَ
  • Nupe: Èdù
  • Yoruba: Odo Ọya "dem name after de Yoruba goddess Ọya, wey be believed to embody de river"
  • Igbo: Orimiri anaa Orimili "great water"
  • Ijaw: Toru Beni "de river water"

Climate

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As part of de West Africa Sahel region, de Niger River get a hot climate wey be characterized by very high temperatures year-round; a long, intense dry season from October to May; den a brief, irregular rainy season dem link to de West African monsoon.[7]

Geography

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De great bend of de Niger River, dem see from space, create a green arc thru de brown of de Sahel den Savanna. De green mass on de left be de Inner Niger Delta, den on de far left be tributaries of de Senegal River.
Mud houses on de center island at Lake Debo, a wide section of de Niger River

De Niger River be a relatively clear river, wey dey carry only a tenth as much sediment as de Nile secof de Niger ein headwaters dey lie insyd ancient rocks wey provide little silt.[8] Like de Nile, de Niger dey flood yearly; dis dey begin insyd September, peak insyd November, den fini by May.[8] An unusual feature of de river be de Inner Niger Delta, wich dey form wer ein gradient suddenly dey decrease.[8] De result be a region of braided streams, marshes, den large lakes; de seasonal floods dey make de Delta extremely productive give both fishing den agriculture.[9]

Boy dey bring back ein canoe on de Niger River (2022)

Course

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Map of de Niger, wey dey show ein watershed den "inland delta"

Drainage basin

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De Niger River basin, locate insyd western Africa, dey cover 7.5% of de continent den dey spread over ten countries.

Niger River basin: areas den rainfall by country[10]

Country Area of de country

within de basin

 Average

rainfall

insyd de

basin

(mm)

(km2) (% of total basin) (% of country within basin)
Algeria 193,449 8.5 8% 20
Benin 46,384 2.0 40% 1,055
Burkina Faso 76,621 3.4 28% 655
Cameroon 89,249 3.9 19% 1,330
Chad 20,339 0.9 1.6% 975
Côte d'Ivoire 23,770 1.0 7% 1,466
Guinea 96,880 4.3 39% 1,635
Mali 578,850 25.5 47% 440
Niger 564,211 24.8 45% 280
Nigeria 584,193 25.7 63% 1,185
For Niger basin 2,273,946 100.0 ns 690
Hydrometric stations on de Niger River:
Station River

kilometer

(rkm)

 Altitude

(m)

 Basin size

(km2)

 Multiannual average discharge
Year

start

(m3/s) (km3)
Niger Delta 0 0 2,273,946 1914 7,922.3 250
Lower Niger
Onitsha 270 14 2,240,019 1914 6,470.8 204
Lokoja 480 34 2,204,500 1914 5,754.7 182
Baro 600 47 1,845,300 1914 2,349.8 74
Jebba 810 73 1,751,000 1970 1,457.3 46
Kainji Dam 900 100 1,711,300 1970 1,153.9 36
Middle Niger
Gaya 1,120 156 1,404,600 1929 1,086.7 34
Malanville 1,130 157 1,399,238 1929 1,086.7 34
Niamey 1,420 176 791,121 1929 893.4 28
Ansongo 1,770 241 647,527 1949 806.8 26
Gao 1,860 245 549,876 1947 875.6 28
Timbuktu 2,460 256 382,469 1975 950.7 30
Inner Delta
Diré 2,540 257 372,588 1924 1,113 35
Mopti 2,900 261 308,186 1922 1,742.9 55
Upper Niger
Ké Macina 3,050 271 143,361 1945 1,330 42
Ségou 3,200 280 132,838 1945 1,344.5 42
Koulikoro 3,440 289 119,029 1907 1,351 43
Bamako 3,500 316 114,800 1907 1,371.2 43
Siguiri 3,600 337 67,631 1967 919 29
Kouroussa 3,800 357 18,900 1950 232 7
Faranah 4,040 424 3,196 1950 69.5 2
Source:[11][12][13]
River Niger at Bomadi

Discharge

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Average discharge of de Niger River at Niger Delta (period from 2010 to 2018):[14]

Year Average discharge
km3 m3/s cfs
2010 288.1 9,130 322,410
2011 245.7 7,786 274,960
2012 320.3 10,150 358,440
2013 224.4 7,111 251,120
2014 251.2 7,960 281,110
2015 235.3 7,456 263,320
2016 286.8 9,088 320,950
2017 270.9 8,585 303,160
2018 311.6 9,874 348,700
2010–2018 270.5 8,572 302,710
Average, minimum den maximum discharge of the Niger River at Koulikoro (Upper Niger), Niamey (Middle Niger) and Lokoja (Lower Niger). Period from 2000/06/01 to 2025/05/31.
Water year Discharge (m3/s)
Koulikoro Niamey Lokoja
Min Mean Max Min Mean Max Min Mean Max
2000/01 149 1,150 3,860 70.6 942 1,810 2,112 8,504 32,080
2001/02 140 1,270 5,520 48.9 895 1,680 2,157 5,338 18,885
2002/03 177 904 3,120 90.4 796 1,610 2,000 5,297 17,012
2003/04 92.7 1,230 5,210 21.6 922 1,870 1,592 6,225 19,025
2004/05 120 876 3,370 59 890 1,880 2,107 5,683 16,098
2005/06 121 1,060 3,400 73.9 856 1,660 1,801 4,849 13,792
2006/07 143 1,111 3,631 47.4 855 1,710 1,781 5,291 19,389
2007/08 34.2 962 4,854 33.2 925 1,840 2,227 6,767 19,941
2008/09 135 1,443 4,837 34 945 1,830 1,535 6,161 20,426
2009/10 142 1,302 4,660 2,101 7,637 20,534
2010/11 170 1,260 3,916 2,166 7,225 21,272
2011/12 92 924 3,912 801 1,835 5,736 16,912
2012/13 149 1,146 4,562 73 1,115 2,492 1,731 8,612 31,692
2013/14 137 1,080 6,297 852 1,546 5,783 16,430
2014/15 104 863 3,695 53 752 1,542 1,570 6,352 19,664
2015/16 129 1,002 3,719 53 958 2,123 1,753 6,054 27,285
2016/17 106 974 5,845 1,059 2,550 7,272 20,613
2017/18 77 677 2,338 107 801 1,791 2,058 6,781 21,020
2018/19 43 1,256 7,555 1,223 2,046 7,900 25,612
2019/20 174 933 4,158 10 1,060 2,677 1,594 8,751 24,800
2020/21 66 999 5,023 58 1,418 3,398 2,131 7,570 28,082
2021/22 77 824 3,275 135 1,106 2,121 2,021 5,913 17,688
2022/23 66 891 3,851 44 1,074 1,869 1,997 8,288 33,136
2023/24 55 748 3,401 44 874 1,595 2,107 7,491 20,578
2024/25 55 1,331 6,192 49 1,394 2,438 1,826 7,100 24,835
Source:[15][16]
Niger River at Lokoja average, minimum and maximum discharge (1946 to 2023):
Water year Discharge (m3/s) Water year Discharge (m3/s)
Min Mean Max Min Mean Max
1946/47 788 4,824 16,600 1985/86 1,110 4,601 15,800
1947/48 1,010 6,258 21,000 1986/87 1,210 4,027 11,400
1948/49 915 6,427 20,900 1987/88 1,390 3,849 11,800
1949/50 842 5,849 19,200 1988/89 1,070 4,615 15,100
1950/51 935 4,755 15,000 1989/90 1,110 5,589 16,300
1951/52 1,290 6,662 20,400 1990/91 1,790 5,045 14,800
1952/53 2,260 5,674 18,300 1991/92 1,770 6,387 18,400
1953/54 1,840 6,405 18,500 1992/93 1,930 5,570 15,300
1954/55 2,130 7,733 24,900 1993/94 1,949 4,908 11,895
1955/56 2,400 8,247 24,600 1994/95 1,945 5,915 20,418
1956/57 1,870 5,394 18,100 1995/96 1,945 6,284 17,713
1957/58 1,480 7,769 23,600 1996/97 2,103 6,020 19,914
1958/59 2,020 4,828 14,700 1997/98 2,406 5,677 15,548
1959/60 1,530 5,228 18,300 1998/99 2,315 7,175 23,491
1960/61 1,250 6,707 22,200 1999/00 2,618 7,652 23,090
1961/62 979 4,912 15,500 2000/01 2,112 8,504 32,080
1962/63 1,150 7,101 24,100 2001/02 2,157 5,338 18,885
1963/64 1,710 6,764 20,500 2002/03 2,000 5,297 17,012
1964/65 1,160 6,128 20,800 2003/04 1,592 6,225 19,025
1965/66 1,310 5,914 18,600 2004/05 2,107 5,683 16,098
1966/67 1,320 6,545 20,000 2005/06 1,801 4,849 13,792
1967/68 928 5,812 19,700 2006/07 1,781 5,291 19,389
1968/69 1,720 6,558 18,800 2007/08 2,227 6,767 19,941
1969/70 1,630 7,927 23,500 2008/09 1,535 6,161 20,426
1970/71 1,640 6,229 20,100 2009/10 2,101 7,637 20,534
1971/72 1,270 5,360 17,600 2010/11 2,166 7,225 21,272
1972/73 1,410 4,489 14,400 2011/12 1,835 5,736 16,912
1973/74 839 3,698 12,200 2012/13 1,731 8,612 31,692
1974/75 832 5,275 17,100 2013/14 1,546 5,783 16,430
1975/76 1,300 5,848 19,600 2014/15 1,570 6,352 19,664
1976/77 1,320 5,136 12,000 2015/16 1,753 6,054 27,285
1977/78 1,310 4,662 15,500 2016/17 2,550 6,555 20,613
1978/79 1,080 5,636 17,000 2017/18 2,058 6,781 21,020
1979/80 1,210 5,510 17,800 2018/19 2,046 7,900 25,612
1980/81 1,400 5,215 16,700 2019/20 1,594 8,751 24,800
1981/82 1,340 5,312 18,400 2020/21 2,131 7,570 28,082
1982/83 1,330 4,270 11,600 2021/22 2,021 5,913 17,688
1983/84 862 2,877 9,180 2022/23 1,997 8,288 33,136
1984/85 862 3,058 8,490 2023/24 2,107 7,491 20,578
Source::[17][18][19]

Tributaries

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De main tributaries from de mouth:

Left

tributary

Right

tributary

Length

(km)

Basin size

(km2)

Average discharge

(m3/s)

Niger Delta
Sombreiro 60 1,500 65
Warri 100 1,300 38.3
Okpare 40 1,100 73.1
Eriola 50 1,000 30.8
Ase (Asse) 180 3,500 133.6
Orashi 205 2,800 147.8
Lower Niger
Anambra 256 14,014 400.3
Otaw 40 1,100 48.9
Awele (Edien) 80 3,300 111.2
Ubo 70 1,400 25.8
Aguro 70 1,900 28.9
Oiryi (Oji) 67.72 927 15.7
Benue 1,400 338,385 3,477
Gurara 570 15,254 183.9
Epu 80 800 11.7
Etsuan 70 1,450 16.6
Kampe 175 9,560 126.5
Gbako 156 7,540 89.8
Kaduna 575 65,878 641.5
Oro 113 4,500 71
Yunko 70 1,698 15.9
Oyi 120 2,100 30.2
Oshin 125 2,132 27.5
Awun 115.5 6,300 81
Eku 90 3,230 25.3
Moshi 232.22 9,400 69.5
Oli 300 11,200 86.6
Kontagora 150 4,500 30.8
Tama 55 900 4
Menai 80 1,300 8.7
Swashi 100 1,500 10.4
Kpan 70 1,800 11.6
Malendo 220 9,127 62.9
Baduru 75 1,500 9.8
Dan Zakhi 110 3,000 26.7
Sokoto 628 193,000 294.1
Shodu 100 3,900 22.3
Dallol Maouri 250 72,551 10.5
Sota 254 13,500 50.3
Alibori 408 13,650 55.6
Diare 90 2,000 5.6
Middle Niger
Dallol Bosso 350 556,000 4.4
Mékrou 410 10,635 32.5
Tapoa 260 5,500 10.2
Diamangou 200 4,400 5.5
Goroubi 433 15.500 10.2
Sirba 439 39,138 27.2
Gorouol 250 60,842 9
Tilemsi 93,920
Inner Delta
Bani 1,100 129,400 559
Upper Niger
Sankarani 679 33,288 305.6
Fié 210 4,045 31.7
Koda (Koba) 80 4,940 7.7
Tinkisso 570 19,430 181
Milo 430 13,590 188
Niandan 300 12,930 251
Mafou 160 4,075 62.3
Niantan 60 12.1
Bale 80 31.6

[20]

References

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  1. ↑ Gleick, Peter H. (2000). The World's Water, 2000–2001: The Biennial Report on Freshwater. Island Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-55963-792-3 – via Internet Archive.
  2. ↑ "Niger River". geography.name. Archived from the original on 26 April 2021. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  3. ↑ Thompson, Samuel (2005). "Niger River". In McColl, R. W. (ed.). Encyclopedia of World Geography. Facts On File, Inc. p. 665. ISBN 978-0-8160-7229-3.
  4. ↑ "Rivers of the World: The Niger River". Radio Netherlands Archives (in British English). 2002-12-04. Archived from the original on 2021-10-27. Retrieved 2021-11-24.
  5. ↑ "Benue River | Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad | Britannica".
  6. ↑ Idrissa, Abdourahmane; Decalo, Samuel (June 1, 2012). Historical Dictionary of Niger (4th ed.). Plymouth, UK: Scarecrow Press. p. 274. ISBN 978-0-8108-6094-0.
  7. ↑ Kiley, Penny (2011-12-01). "Climate change, water and conflict in the Niger river basin". International Alert (in British English). Archived from the original on 2023-10-04. Retrieved 2023-09-29.
  8. 1 2 3 Reader 2001, p. 191.
  9. ↑ Reader 2001, pp. 191–192.
  10. ↑ "Irrigation potential in Africa: A basin approach, The Niger Basin". FAO. 1997. Archived from the original on 2017-07-21.
  11. ↑ "GRDC". Archived from the original on 2023-01-11. Retrieved 2023-01-11.
  12. ↑ "Niger River". 14 June 2023. Archived from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
  13. ↑ Prabhu TL (2021). "Agricultural Engineering: An Introduction To Agricultural Engineering". NestFame Creations Pvt. Ltd. Archived from the original on 2022-01-25. Retrieved 2021-11-18.
  14. ↑ Water Accounting in the Niger River Basin. 2020. doi:10.4060/cb1274en. ISBN 978-92-5-133378-5.
  15. ↑ Tommaso, Abrate; Prof. Pierre, Hubert (2007). "Essai de segmentation des sèries annuelles des dèbits du Niger aux stations de Koulikoro, Niamey at Lokoja" (PDF).
  16. ↑ "AUTORITE DU BASSIN DU NIGER".
  17. ↑ "Liste des stations avec des mesure de type Debit et du groupe NIGERIA".
  18. ↑ Tommaso, Abrate; Prof. Pierre, Hubert (2007). "Essai de segmentation des sèries annuelles des dèbits du Niger aux stations de Koulikoro, Niamey at Lokoja" (PDF).
  19. ↑ "AUTORITE DU BASSIN DU NIGER".
  20. ↑ "FAO". Archived from the original on 2011-09-18. Retrieved 2010-01-09.
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International law den de Niger River

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Dem retrieve am from "https://gpe.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niger_River&oldid=99765"