Nitroglycerin
| Subclass of | nitrate ester  |
|---|---|
| Part of | nitroglycerin metabolic process, response to nitroglycerin, cellular response to nitroglycerin |
| Get use | Medication |
| Associated hazard | nitroglycerin exposure |
| Has effect | nitroglycerin exposure |
| Discoverer or inventor | Ascanio Sobrero |
| Time of discovery anaa invention | 1847 |
| Chemical formula | C₃H₅N₃O₉ |
| Canonical SMILES | C(C(CO[N+](=O)[O-])O[N+](=O)[O-])O[N+](=O)[O-] |
| Safety classification and labelling | NFPA 704: Standard System for the Identification of the Hazards of Materials for Emergency Response |
| NIOSH Pocket Guide ID | 0456 |
| World Health Organisation international non-proprietary name | glyceryl trinitrate |
| Significant drug interaction | riociguat, vardenafil, sildenafil, tadalafil, avanafil |
| Physically dey interact plus | Guanylate cyclase 1 soluble subunit alpha 2, Guanylate cyclase 1 soluble subunit beta 1 |
| Legal status (medicine) | boxed warning |
| Get characteristic | flammable liquid |
| Subject has role | nitric oxide donors, vasodilator agent, explosive chemicals, Medication |
Nitroglycerin (NG) (alternative spelling nitroglycerine), dem sanso know as trinitroglycerol (TNG), nitro, glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), anaa 1,2,3-trinitroxypropane, be a dense, colorless anaa pale yellow, oily, explosive liquid wey most commonly nitrating glycerol produce plus white fuming nitric acid under conditions appropriate to de formation of de nitric acid ester. Chemically, de substance be a nitrate ester rather dan a nitro compound, buh de traditional name be retained. Discovered insyd 1846 by Ascanio Sobrero,[1] nitroglycerin be used as an active ingredient insyd de manufacture of explosives, namely dynamite, den as such e be employed insyd de construction, demolition, den mining industries. E be combined plus nitrocellulose to form double-based smokeless powder, dem use as a propellant insyd artillery den firearms since de 1880s.
As be de case give chaw oda explosives, nitroglycerin cam be more den more prone to exploding (i.e., spontaneous decomposition) as de temperature be increased. Upon exposure to heat above 218 °C at sea-level atmospheric pressure, nitroglycerin cam be extremely unstable den dey tend to explode. Wen dem place insyd vacuum, e get an autoignition temperature of 270 °C instead.[2] Plus a melting point of 12.8 °C, de chemical almost be always encountered as a thick den viscous fluid, wey dey change to a crystalline solid wen frozen.[2][3] Although de pure compound einself be colorless, in practice de presence of nitric oxide impurities left over during production dey tend to give am a slight yellowish tint.
Secof ein high boiling point den consequently low vapor pressure (0.00026 mmHg at 20 °C),[2] pure nitroglycerin practically get no odor at room temperature, plus a sweet den burning taste wen dem ingest. Unintentional detonation fi ensue wen dem drop am, shake am, lit for fire top, dem rapidly heat, dem expose to sunlight den ozone, dem subject to sparks den electrical discharges, anaa dem roughly handle am.[4] Ein sensitivity to exploding be responsible for numerous devastating industrial accidents thru out ein history. De chemical ein characteristic reactivity fi be reduced thru de addition of desensitizing agents, wich dey make am less likely to explode. Clay (diatomaceous earth) be an example of such an agent, dey form dynamite, a much more easily handled composition. De addition of oda desensitizing agents dey give birth to de various formulations of dynamite.
Nitroglycerin as a medication be used since 1878 as a potent vasodilator (wey dey cause dilation of de vascular system) to treat heart conditions, such as angina pectoris den chronic heart failure. Though e be previously known say dese beneficial effects be secof nitroglycerin be converted to nitric oxide, a potent vasodilator, de enzyme for dis conversion na e only be discovered to be mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) insyd 2002.[5] Nitroglycerin be available insyd sublingual tablets, sprays, ointments, den patches.[6]
References
[edit | edit source]- ↑ "Ascanio Sobrero". Oxford Reference (in English). Retrieved 2024-07-16.
- 1 2 3 "Occupational Safety and Health Guideline for Nitroglycerin". 2013-05-16. Archived from the original on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 2024-07-09.
- ↑ Haynes, W. M. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (97th ed.). CRC Press. pp. 3–540.
- ↑ "Nitroglycerin, desensitized, liquid". CAMEO Chemicals | NOAA. Archived from the original on August 26, 2023. Retrieved July 9, 2024.
- ↑ Chen, Z.; Foster, M. W.; Zhang, J.; Mao, L.; Rockman, H. A.; Kawamoto, T.; Kitagawa, K.; Nakayama, K. I.; Hess, D. T.; Stamler, J. S. (2005). "An essential role for mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase in nitroglycerin bioactivation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 (34): 12159–12164. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10212159C. doi:10.1073/pnas.0503723102. PMC 1189320. PMID 16103363.
- ↑ "Unknown, behind paywall, archived". Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
External links
[edit | edit source]
- "Nitroglycerine! Terrible Explosion and Loss of Lives in San Francisco". Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum. Retrieved 2005-03-23. – 1866 Newspaper article
- WebBook page for C3H5N3O9
- CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
- The Tallini Tales of Destruction Archived 19 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine Detailed and horrific stories of the historical use of nitroglycerin-filled torpedoes to restart petroleum wells.
- Dynamite and TNT at The Periodic Table of Videos (University of Nottingham)
