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Obesity

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obesity
health risk, class of disease, symptom type, academic discipline
Subclass ofovernutrition, disease Edit
Health specialtyendocrinology Edit
Contributing factor ofcardiovascular disease Edit
Handled, mitigated, or managed byobesity management Edit
WordLift URLhttp://data.medicalrecords.com/medicalrecords/healthwise/obesity Edit
ICD-9-CM278.00 Edit
ICPC 2 IDT82 Edit
NCI Thesaurus IDC3283 Edit

Obesity be a medical condition, wey multiple organizations consider e be a disease,[1][2][3] insyd wich excess body fat accumulate to such an extent say e fi get negative effects on health. Dem dey classify people as obese wen dema body mass index (BMI)—a person ein weight dem divide by de square of de person ein height—be over 30 kg/m2; dem define de range 25–30 kg/m2 as overweight.[4] Sam East Asian countries dey use lower values to calculate obesity.[5] Obesity be a major cause of disability wey e be correlated plus various diseases den conditions, particularly cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea, certain types of cancer, den osteoarthritis.[6][7][8]

Obesity get individual, socioeconomic, den environmental causes. Sam known causes be diet, low physical activity, automation, urbanization, genetic susceptibility, medications, mental disorders, economic policies, endocrine disorders, den exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals.[4][9][10][11]

While chaw people plus obesity attempt to lose weight wey often be successful, maintaining weight loss long-term be rare.[12] Obesity prevention dey require a complex approach, wey dey include interventions at medical, societal, community, family, den individual levels.[4][8] Changes to diet as well as exercising be de main treatments wey health professionals recommend.[6] Diet quality fi be improved by reducing de consumption of energy-dense foods, such as those high insyd fat anaa sugars, den by increasing de intake of dietary fiber.[4] De World Health Organization dey stress say de disease be a societal responsibility wey dese dietary choices for be made de most available, affordable, den accessible options. Medications fi be used, along plus a suitable diet, to reduce appetite anaa decrease fat absorption.[13] If diet, exercise, den medication no be effective, a gastric balloon anaa surgery fi be performed to reduce stomach volume anaa length of de intestines, wey dey lead to feeling full earlier, anaa a reduced ability to absorb nutrients from chow. Metabolic surgery dey promote weight loss no be by reducing caloric intake per buh sanso by inducing sustained changes insyd de secretion of gut hormones dem involve insyd appetite den metabolic regulation.[14][15]

Obesity be a leading preventable cause of death worldwide, plus increasing rates insyd adults den kiddies.[16] Insyd 2022, over 1 billion people live plus obesity worldwide (879 million adults den 159 million kiddies), wey dey represent more dan double de adult cases (den four times higher dan cases among kiddies) dem register insyd 1990.[17][18] Obesity be more common insyd women dan insyd men.[4] Obesity be stigmatized insyd most of de world. Conversely, sam cultures, past den present, get a favorable view of obesity, wey dey see am as a symbol of wealth den fertility.[6][19] De World Health Organization, de US, Canada, Japan, Portugal, Germany, de European Parliament den medical societies (such as de American Medical Association) dey classify obesity as a disease. Odas, such as de UK, no dey do.[20][21][22][23]

References

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  1. ↑ Powell-Wiley TM, Poirier P, Burke LE, Després JP, Gordon-Larsen P, Lavie CJ, Lear SA, Ndumele CE, Neeland IJ, Sanders P, St-Onge MP (May 2021). "Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association". Circulation. 143 (21): e984 – e1010. Bibcode:2021Circu.14300973P. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000973. PMC 8493650. PMID 33882682.
  2. ↑ CDC (21 March 2022). "Causes and Consequences of Childhood Obesity". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (in American English). Archived from the original on 15 April 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
  3. ↑ "Policy Finder". American Medical Association (AMA). Retrieved 18 August 2022.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 "Obesity and overweight Fact sheet N°311". WHO. January 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
  5. ↑ Kanazawa M, Yoshiike N, Osaka T, Numba Y, Zimmet P, Inoue S (2005). "Criteria and Classification of Obesity in Japan and Asia-Oceania". Nutrition and Fitness: Obesity, the Metabolic Syndrome, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer. World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics. Vol. 94. pp. 1–12. doi:10.1159/000088200. ISBN 978-3-8055-7944-5. PMID 16145245. S2CID 19963495.
  6. 1 2 3 Haslam DW, James WP (October 2005). "Obesity". Lancet (Review). 366 (9492): 1197–1209. Bibcode:2005Lanc..366.1197H. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67483-1. PMID 16198769. S2CID 208791491.
  7. ↑ "Obesity - Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic (in English). Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  8. 1 2 Chiolero A (October 2018). "Why causality, and not prediction, should guide obesity prevention policy". The Lancet. Public Health. 3 (10): e461 – e462. doi:10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30158-0. PMID 30177480.
  9. ↑ Yazdi FT, Clee SM, Meyre D (2015). "Obesity genetics in mouse and human: back and forth, and back again". PeerJ. 3 e856. doi:10.7717/peerj.856. PMC 4375971. PMID 25825681.
  10. ↑ Kassotis CD, Vandenberg LN, Demeneix BA, Porta M, Slama R, Trasande L (August 2020). "Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: economic, regulatory, and policy implications". The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology. 8 (8): 719–730. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30128-5. PMC 7437819. PMID 32707119.
  11. ↑ Bleich S, Cutler D, Murray C, Adams A (2008). "Why is the developed world obese?". Annual Review of Public Health (Research Support). 29: 273–295. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090954. PMID 18173389.
  12. ↑ Strohacker K, Carpenter KC, McFarlin BK (15 July 2009). "Consequences of Weight Cycling: An Increase in Disease Risk?". International Journal of Exercise Science. 2 (3): 191–201. doi:10.70252/ASAQ8961. PMC 4241770. PMID 25429313.
  13. ↑ Yanovski SZ, Yanovski JA (January 2014). "Long-term drug treatment for obesity: a systematic and clinical review". JAMA (Review). 311 (1): 74–86. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.281361. PMC 3928674. PMID 24231879.
  14. ↑ Colquitt JL, Pickett K, Loveman E, Frampton GK (August 2014). "Surgery for weight loss in adults". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Meta-analysis, Review). 2014 (8) CD003641. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003641.pub4. PMC 9028049. PMID 25105982.
  15. ↑ Imaz I, Martínez-Cervell C, García-Alvarez EE, Sendra-Gutiérrez JM, González-Enríquez J (July 2008). "Safety and effectiveness of the intragastric balloon for obesity. A meta-analysis". Obesity Surgery. 18 (7): 841–846. doi:10.1007/s11695-007-9331-8. PMID 18459025. S2CID 10220216.
  16. ↑ Encyclopedia of Mental Health (2 ed.). Academic Press. 2015. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-12-397753-3.
  17. ↑ "One in eight people are now living with obesity". World Health Organization (in English). 1 March 2024. Retrieved 2024-03-01.
  18. ↑ FAO; IFAD; UNICEF; WFP; WHO (2025). The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2025 (in English). FAO ; IFAD ; UNICEF ; WFP ; WHO. doi:10.4060/cd6008en. ISBN 978-92-5-139937-8.
  19. ↑ Woodhouse R (2008). Obesity in art: a brief overview. Frontiers of Hormone Research. Vol. 36. pp. 271–86. doi:10.1159/000115370. ISBN 978-3-8055-8429-6. PMID 18230908.
  20. ↑ Luli M, Yeo G, Farrell E, Ogden J, Parretti H, Frew E, Bevan S, Brown A, Logue J, Menon V, Isack N, Lean M, McEwan C, Gately P, Williams S, Astbury N, Bryant M, Clare K, Dimitriadis GK, Finlayson G, Heslehurst N, Johnson B, Le Brocq S, Roberts A, McGinley P, Mueller J, O'Kane M, Batterham RL, Miras AD, Miras AD (2023). "The implications of defining obesity as a disease: a report from the Association for the Study of Obesity 2021 annual conference - eClinicalMedicine". eClinicalMedicine. 58. doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101962. PMC 10119881. PMID 37090435.
  21. ↑ Jensen MD, Ryan DH, Apovian CM, Ard JD, Comuzzie AG, Donato KA, Hu FB, Hubbard VS, Jakicic JM, Kushner RF, Loria CM, Millen BE, Nonas CA, Pi-Sunyer FX, Stevens J, Stevens VJ, Wadden TA, Wolfe BM, Yanovski SZ, Jordan HS, Kendall KA, Lux LJ, Mentor-Marcel R, Morgan LC, Trisolini MG, Wnek J, Anderson JL, Halperin JL, Albert NM, Bozkurt B, Brindis RG, Curtis LH, DeMets D, Hochman JS, Kovacs RJ, Ohman EM, Pressler SJ, Sellke FW, Shen WK, Smith SC, Tomaselli GF (June 2014). "2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society". Circulation. 129 (25 Suppl 2): S102 – S138. doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000437739.71477.ee. PMC 5819889. PMID 24222017.
  22. ↑ Pollack A (18 June 2013). "A.M.A. Recognizes Obesity as a Disease". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 24 June 2013.
  23. ↑ Weinstock M (21 June 2013). "The Facts About Obesity". H&HN. American Hospital Association. Archived from the original on 9 September 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
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