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Obsessive–compulsive disorder

From Wikipedia
obsessive-compulsive disorder
Subclass ofanxiety disorder, impulse control disorder, genetic nervous system disorder, genetic disease, mental disorder Edit
Part ofneurodivergence Edit
Health specialtypsychiatry, psychology Edit
Symptoms and signscompulsive behavior, obsession, anxiety, intrusive thought Edit
Possible treatmentpsychotherapy, exposure and response prevention, psychiatric medication Edit
Described at URLhttps://iocdf.org/about-ocd/ Edit
Get characteristiccompulsive behavior, intrusive thought Edit
ICD-9-CM300.3 Edit
ICPC 2 IDP79 Edit
NCI Thesaurus IDC88411 Edit

Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) be a mental disorder insyd wich an individual get intrusive thoughts (an obsession) den dey feel de need to perform certain behaviors (compulsions) repeatedly to relieve de distress wey de obsession cause, to de extent wer e dey impair general function.[1][2][3]

Obsessions be persistent unwanted thoughts, mental images, anaa urges wey dey generate feelings of anxiety, disgust, anaa discomfort.[4] Sam common obsessions dey include fear of contamination, obsession plus symmetry, de fear of acting blasphemously, sexual obsessions, den de fear of possibly harming odas anaa demaselves.[1][5] Compulsions be repetitive actions dem perform insyd response to obsessions to reduce anxiety, such as washing, checking, counting, reassurance seeking, den situational avoidance.[1][5][6]

Compulsions dey occur often den typically dey take up at least one hour per day, wey dey impair one ein quality of life.[1][5] Compulsions temporarily dey relieve distress buh reinforce obsessions over time. Chaw adults plus OCD dey recognize dema rituals as irrational yet dem dey continue dem to reduce anxiety.[1][4][5][7] For dis reason, na dem usually consider thoughts den behaviors insyd OCD egodystonic (inconsistent plus one ein ideal self-image).

De exact causes of OCD be unknown, buh der be evidence for de presence of a genetic component to de disorder.[8] A variety of social den environmental factors sanso fi contribute to de development of OCD.[1][9] Diagnosis dey base on clinical presentation; wey dey rate scales such as de Yale–Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) assess severity.[2][10] OCD dey associate plus a general increase in suicidality.[11][12][13] Dem often dey use de term obsessive–compulsive anaa OCD informally to describe someone overly meticulous anaa fixated, buh OCD fi present insyd chaw ways, wey e no be all sufferers dey focus on cleanliness anaa symmetry.[14]

OCD be chronic den long-lasting plus periods of severe symptoms wey periods of improvement follow.[15][16] Treatment fi improve ability to function den quality of life, wey e usually be reflected by improved Y-BOCS scores.[17] First-line treatment for OCD typically dey consist of either exposure den response prevention anaa pharmacotherapy plus selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), anaa both in combination.[18][19][20][21] Sam patients fail to improve after treatment plus SSRIs alone; dese cases dey qualify as treatment-resistant wey fi require second-line treatment such as clomipramine anaa atypical antipsychotic augmentation.[22][23][24][25] Recent evidence give treatment-resistant OCD sanso dey support adjunctive use of deep brain stimulation, neurosurgical ablation, den repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.[26][27][28][29]

References

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) (January 2016). "What is Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?". U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH). Archived from the original on 23 July 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
  2. 1 2 Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5 (5th ed.). Washington: American Psychiatric Publishing. 2013. pp. 237–242. ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8.
  3. ↑ Sartorius N, Henderson A, Strotzka H, Lipowski Z, Yu-cun S, You-xin X, Strömgren E, Glatzel J, Kühne G, Misès R, Soldatos C, Pull C, Giel R, Jegede R, Malt U, Nadzharov R, Smulevitch A, Hagberg B, Perris C, Scharfetter C, Clare A, Cooper J, Corbett J, Griffith Edwards J, Gelder M, Goldberg D, Gossop M, Graham P, Kendell R, Marks I, Russell G, Rutter M, Shepherd M, West D, Wing J, Wing L, Neki J, Benson F, Cantwell D, Guze S, Helzer J, Holzman P, Kleinman A, Kupfer D, Mezzich J, Spitzer R, Lokar J. "The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines" (PDF). who.int World Health Organization. p. 142. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
  4. 1 2 "Overview – Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)". nhs.uk (in English). 16 February 2021. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  5. 1 2 3 4 "What Is Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?". psychiatry.org. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  6. ↑ CDC (2 December 2020). "Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Children | CDC". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (in American English). Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  7. ↑ "What are compulsions? | OCD-UK" (in British English). Retrieved 5 November 2021.
  8. ↑ Browne HA, Gair SL, Scharf JM, Grice DE (September 2014). "Genetics of obsessive-compulsive disorder and related disorders". The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 37 (3): 319–335. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2014.06.002. PMC 4143777. PMID 25150565.
  9. ↑ Starcevic V, Eslick GD, Viswasam K, Berle D (December 2020). "Symptoms of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder during Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". The Psychiatric Quarterly. 91 (4): 965–981. doi:10.1007/s11126-020-09769-8. PMID 32445002. S2CID 218772347.
  10. ↑ Fenske JN, Schwenk TL (August 2009). "Obsessive compulsive disorder: diagnosis and management". American Family Physician. 80 (3): 239–245. PMID 19621834. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014.
  11. ↑ Alonso P, Segalàs C, Real E, Pertusa A, Labad J, Jiménez-Murcia S, Jaurrieta N, Bueno B, Vallejo J, Menchón JM (August 2010). "Suicide in patients treated for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a prospective follow-up study". Journal of Affective Disorders. 124 (3): 300–308. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.12.001. PMID 20060171.
  12. ↑ Albert U, De Ronchi D, Maina G, Pompili M (25 July 2019). "Suicide Risk in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Exploration of Risk Factors: A Systematic Review". Current Neuropharmacology. 17 (8): 681–696. doi:10.2174/1570159X16666180620155941. PMC 7059158. PMID 29929465.
  13. ↑ Albert U, De Ronchi D, Maina G, Pompili M (25 July 2019). "Suicide Risk in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Exploration of Risk Factors: A Systematic Review". Current Neuropharmacology. 17 (8): 681–696. doi:10.2174/1570159X16666180620155941. PMC 7059158. PMID 29929465.
  14. ↑ Bynum WF, Porter R, Shepherd M (1985). "Obsessional Disorders: A Conceptual History. Terminological and Classificatory Issues.". The anatomy of madness: essays in the history of psychiatry. London: Routledge. pp. 166–187. ISBN 978-0-415-32382-6.
  15. ↑ "Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder". National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) (in English). Retrieved 23 March 2022.
  16. ↑ "Obsessive-compulsive disorder: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". medlineplus.gov (in English). Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  17. ↑ "What Is Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?". American Psychiatric Association. October 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  18. ↑ Grant JE (August 2014). "Clinical practice: Obsessive-compulsive disorder". The New England Journal of Medicine. 371 (7): 646–653. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp1402176. PMID 25119610.
  19. ↑ Veale D, Miles S, Smallcombe N, Ghezai H, Goldacre B, Hodsoll J (November 2014). "Atypical antipsychotic augmentation in SSRI treatment refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis". BMC Psychiatry. 14 317. doi:10.1186/s12888-014-0317-5. PMC 4262998. PMID 25432131.
  20. ↑ "Medications Approved for Treatment of OCD". Beyond OCD: OCD Information and Resources. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
  21. ↑ Pittenger C, Bloch MH (September 2014). "Pharmacological treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder". The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 37 (3): 375–391. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2014.05.006. PMC 4143776. PMID 25150568.
  22. ↑ Grant JE (August 2014). "Clinical practice: Obsessive-compulsive disorder". The New England Journal of Medicine. 371 (7): 646–653. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp1402176. PMID 25119610.
  23. ↑ Veale D, Miles S, Smallcombe N, Ghezai H, Goldacre B, Hodsoll J (November 2014). "Atypical antipsychotic augmentation in SSRI treatment refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis". BMC Psychiatry. 14 317. doi:10.1186/s12888-014-0317-5. PMC 4262998. PMID 25432131.
  24. ↑ Bloch MH, McGuire J, Landeros-Weisenberger A, Leckman JF, Pittenger C (August 2010). "Meta-analysis of the dose-response relationship of SSRI in obsessive-compulsive disorder". Molecular Psychiatry. 15 (8): 850–855. doi:10.1038/mp.2009.50. PMC 2888928. PMID 19468281.
  25. ↑ Decloedt EH, Stein DJ (May 2010). "Current trends in drug treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder". Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 6: 233–242. doi:10.2147/NDT.S3149. PMC 2877605. PMID 20520787.
  26. ↑ Hirschtritt ME, Bloch MH, Mathews CA (April 2017). "Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment". JAMA. 317 (13): 1358–1367. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.2200. PMID 28384832. S2CID 13660201.
  27. ↑ Gadot R, Najera R, Hirani S, Anand A, Storch E, Goodman WK, Shofty B, Sheth SA (September 2022). "Efficacy of deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 93 (11): 1166–1173. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2021-328738. PMID 36127157.
  28. ↑ Kar, Sujita Kumar; Agrawal, Aditya; Silva-Dos-Santos, Amílcar; Gupta, Yogesh; Deng, Zhi-De (2024). "The Efficacy of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in the Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses". CNS Spectrums. 29 (2): 109–118. doi:10.1017/S1092852923006387. ISSN 1092-8529. PMC 11524532. PMID 38053347.
  29. ↑ Fitzsimmons SM, van der Werf YD, van Campen AD, Arns M, Sack AT, Hoogendoorn AW, van den Heuvel OA (April 2022). "Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A systematic review and pairwise/network meta-analysis". Journal of Affective Disorders. 302: 302–312. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.01.048. hdl:2066/247522. PMID 35041869.
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