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Pan-Africanism

From Wikipedia
Pan-Africanism
political ideology, political movement
Subclass ofpan-nationalism Edit

Pan-Africanism be a nationalist movement wey dey aim make dem encourage den strengthen bonds of solidarity between all indigenous peoples den diasporas of African ancestry. Based on a common goal wey dey date back to de Atlantic slave trade, de Trans-Saharan slave trade, de Indian Ocean slave trade, de Red Sea slave trade, slavery insyd de Cape Colony (now South Africa), along plus slavery insyd Mauritius, de movement dey extend beyond continental Africans plus a substantial support base among de African diaspora insyd de Americas den Europe.[1][2]

Na dem say Pan-Africanism get ein origins insyd de struggles of de African people against enslavement den colonization[3] wey na dis struggle fi be traced back to de first resistance on slave ships—rebellions den suicides—thru de constant plantation den colonial uprisings den de "Back to Africa" movements of de 19th century. Based on de belief say unity be vital to economic, social, den political progress, e dey aim to unify den uplift people of African ancestry.[4]

At ein core, pan-Africanism be a belief dat "African people, both on de continent den insyd de diaspora, dem no dey share merely a common history, buh a common destiny."[5] Pan-Africanism dey posit a sense of a shared historical fate give Africans insyd de Americas, de West Indies, den on de continent, na einself center on de Atlantic trade insyd slaves, African slavery, den European imperialism.[6]

Na Pan-African thought influence de establishment of de Organisation of African Unity (since be succeeded by de African Union) insyd 1963.[7][8] De African Union Commission get ein seat insyd Addis Ababa den de Pan-African Parliament get ein seat insyd Midrand, Johannesburg.[9]

Overview

Pan-Africanism dey stress de need for "collective self-reliance".[10] Pan-Africanism dey exist as a governmental den grassroots objective. Pan-African advocates dey include leaders such as Toussaint Louverture, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, Henri Christophe, François Duvalier, Aimé Césaire, Haile Selassie, Jomo Kenyatta, Edward Wilmot Blyden, Nnamdi Azikiwe, Patrice Lumumba, Julius Nyerere, Robert Sobukwe, Ahmed Sékou Touré, Kwame Nkrumah, King Sobhuza II, Robert Mugabe, Thomas Sankara, Kwame Ture, Dr. John Pombe Magufuli, Muammar Gaddafi, Walter Rodney, Yoweri Kaguta Museveni, grassroots organizers such as Joseph Robert Love, Marcus Garvey, den Malcolm X, academics such as W. E. B. Du Bois, Anténor Firmin den odas insyd de diaspora.[11][12][13][14] Na Pan-Africanists believe say solidarity go enable de continent make e fulfil ein potential to independently provide for all ein people. Crucially, an all-African alliance go empower African people globally.

De realization of de pan-African objective go lead to "power consolidation insyd Africa", wich na "go compel a reallocation of global resources, as well as unleashing a fiercer psychological energy den political assertion ... wey na go unsettle social den political (power) structures...insyd de Americas".[15]

People wey dey support pan-Africanism—dem dey call dem 'pan-Africans' or 'pan-Africanists'—dem sabi dey push socialist way and no dey really like make outside people control our politics and money matter for Africa. Some people they talk say this ideology dey make everybody life look alike, no be true for all wey get African blood. Dem sef dey talk say e no easy to join all di current divisions wey de happen for different countries and communities wey dey outside Africa.[15]

History

Invitation to Pan-African Conference at Westminster Town Hall, London, July 1900
Jamaican Marcus Garvey in a military uniform as the "Provisional President of Africa" during a parade on the opening day of the annual Convention of the Negro Peoples of the World on Lenox Avenue in Harlem, New York City, 1922

Jamaican Marcus Garvey in a military uniform as the "Provisional President of Africa" during a parade on the opening day of the annual Convention of the Negro Peoples of the World on Lenox Avenue in Harlem, New York City, 1922

As a philosophy, pan-Africanism dey represent de aggregation of de historical, cultural, spiritual, artistic, scientific, den philosophical legacies of Africans from past times to de present. Pan-Africanism as an ethical system dey trace ein origins from ancient times, den dey promote values wey be de product of de African civilisations den de struggles against slavery, racism, colonialism, den neocolonialism.[11]

Dey coincide plus chaw New World slave insurrections (hallmark by de Haitian Revolution), na de end of de 19th century birth an intercontinental pro-African political movement wey seek make e unify disparate campaigns insyd de goal to end oppression. Na e be diasporic Africans dema removal from de continent wey enable dem make dem view am as a whole.[16]

Important women insyd pan-Africanism

Na Pan-Africanism see de contribution of chaw female African activists thru out ein lifespan, despite de systemic lack of attention dem pay to dem by scholars den male pan-Africanist alike.[17]

  • Amy Jacques Garvey, wey found de international newspaper Negro World.[18]
  • Na Claudia Jones be anoda pan-Africanist. In order to fight against racism towards black people insyd Britain, na Jones set up de West Indian Gazette.[18]
  • Insyd de United States, na Audley Moore den Dara Abubakari play a vital role in developing Pan-African thought.[19]
  • Peggy Antrobus
  • Na dem born Alice Victoria Alexander Kinloch insyd 1863 insyd Cape Town, South Africa, before na ein family move to Kimberley.
  • Na Jeanne Martin Cissé be instrumental insyd de independence of Guinea.
  • Na dem born Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti (FRK) insyd 1900 wey na she study insyd England insyd 1922.[20]

Political parties den organizations

Insyd Africa

Formal political bodies

Political groups den organizations

  • African Unification Front
  • Rassemblement Démocratique Africain, defunct
  • All-African People's Revolutionary Party
  • Pan-African Women's Organization[21]
  • All Africa Conference of Churches (Kenya)
  • All-African Trade Union Federation, defunct
  • Convention People's Party (Ghana)
  • African National Congress (South Africa)

Insyd de Caribbean

  • De Pan-African Affairs Commission for Pan-African Affairs, a unit within de Office of de Prime Minister of Barbados.[22]
  • African Society for Cultural Relations with Independent Africa, defunct (Guyana)
  • Antigua Caribbean Liberation Movement (Antigua den Barbuda)
  • Clement Payne Movement (Barbados)
  • Marcus Garvey People's Political Party (Jamaica)
  • Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (Jamaica)

Insyd Europe

  • Pan-African Federation (United Kingdom), defunct
  • Pan-African Women's Association (Norway)[23]

Insyd de United States

  • De Council on African Affairs (CAA): dem found insyd 1937 by Max Yergan den Paul Robeson.[24]
  • Na dem found de US Organization insyd 1965 by Maulana Karenga, dey follow de Watts riots.[25]
  • TransAfrica be a non-profit organization dem found insyd 1977 by Randall Robinson.[26]

Pan-African concepts den philosophies

Maafa studies

Afrocentric pan-Africanism

Kawaida

Hip-hop

Pan-African art den media

  • Les Afriques, a weekly African financial newspaper. E dey claim e be de first pan-African[27] financial newspaper.
  • Pan African Writers' Association

References

  1. ↑ Austin, David (Fall 2007). "All Roads Led to Montreal: Black Power, the Caribbean and the Black Radical Tradition in Canada". Journal of African American History. 92 (4): 516–539. doi:10.1086/JAAHv92n4p516. S2CID 140509880.
  2. ↑ Oloruntoba-Oju, Omotayo (December 2012). "Pan Africanism, Myth and History in African and Caribbean Drama". Journal of Pan African Studies. 5 (8): 190 ff.
  3. ↑ Abdul-Raheem, Tajudeen (ed.), Pan Africanism: Politics, Economy and Social Change in the Twenty-first Century, New York University Press, 1996.
  4. ↑ Frick, Janari, et al. (2006), History: Learner's Book, p. 235, South Africa: New Africa Books.
  5. ↑ Makalani, Minkah (2011). "Pan-Africanism". Africana Age.
  6. ↑ New Dictionary of the History of Ideas. The Gale Group. 2005.
  7. ↑ Abrahamsen, Rita (January 2020). "Internationalists, sovereigntists, nativists: Contending visions of world order in Pan-Africanism". Review of International Studies. 46 (1): 56–74. doi:10.1017/S0260210519000305. S2CID 210466747.
  8. ↑ "AU in a Nutshell", African Union. (Archived January 29, 2011, at the Wayback Machine).
  9. ↑ "Pan-Africanism". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved May 24, 2020.
  10. ↑ "The objectives of the PAP", The Pan-African Parliament – 2014 and beyond.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Falola, Toyin; Essien, Kwame (2013). Pan-Africanism, and the Politics of African Citizenship and Identity. London: Routledge. pp. 71–72. ISBN 978-1135005191. Retrieved September 26, 2015.
  12. ↑ Goebel, Anti-Imperial Metropolis, pp. 250–278.
  13. ↑ Maguire, K., "Ghana re-evaluates Nkrumah", GlobalPost, October 21, 2009. Retrieved September 13, 2012.
  14. ↑ Clarke, John Henrik (1988). "Pan-Africanism: A Brief History of An Idea in the African World". Présence Africaine. 145 (145). Editions Présence Africaine: 26–56. doi:10.3917/presa.145.0026. JSTOR 24351577.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Agyeman, O., Pan-Africanism and Its Detractors: A Response to Harvard's Race Effacing Universalists, Harvard University Press (1998), cited in Mawere, Munyaradzi; Tapuwa R. Mubaya, African Philosophy and Thought Systems: A Search for a Culture and Philosophy of Belonging, Langaa RPCIG (2016), p. 89. ISBN 9789956763016. Retrieved August 23, 2018.
  16. ↑ Reid, Richard; Parker, John (October 1, 2013), Parker, John; Reid, Richard (eds.), "Introduction African Histories: Past, Present, and Future", The Oxford Handbook of Modern African History, Oxford University Press, p. 0, ISBN 978-0-19-957247-2, retrieved January 26, 2025
  17. ↑ "Important women in pan-Africanism and their contributions to the Unity of Africa – The Africa we want e.V Germany" (in American English). Retrieved 2025-06-09.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Nangwaya, Ajamu (May 26, 2016). "Pan-Africanism, feminism, and finding missing Pan-Africanist women". Pambazuka News. Retrieved September 28, 2022.
  19. ↑ Farmer, Ashley D. (2016). "Mothers of Pan-Africanism: Audley Moore and Dara Abubakari". Women, Gender, and Families of Color. 4 (2): 274–295. doi:10.5406/womgenfamcol.4.2.0274. JSTOR 10.5406/womgenfamcol.4.2.0274. S2CID 157178972. Retrieved November 15, 2021.
  20. ↑ Shonekan, Stephanie (Spring 2009). "Fela's Foundation: Examining the Revolutionary Songs of Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti and the Abeokuta Market Women's Movement in 1940s Western Nigeria". Black Music Research Journal. 29 (1): 135. JSTOR 20640673. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
  21. ↑ "Pan African Women's Organization | UIA Yearbook Profile | Union of International Associations".
  22. ↑ Worrell, Rodney (2005). Pan-Africanism in Barbados: An Analysis of the Activities of the Major 20th-century Pan-African Formations in Barbados. New Academia Publishing, LLC. pp. 99–102. ISBN 978-0-9744934-6-6.
  23. ↑ Pan African Women Association.
  24. ↑ Duberman, Martin. Paul Robeson, 1989, pp. 296–97.
  25. ↑ "Philosophy, Principles, and Program". The Organization Us.
  26. ↑ "TransAfrica". African Activist Archive.
  27. ↑ Gbadamassi, Falila (July 11, 2007). "'Les Afriques': le nouveau journal de la finance africaine". Afrik.com.

Bibliography

Library resources about
Pan-Africanism
  • Kemi Séba, Philosophie de la panafricanité fondamentale – Édition Fiat Lux, 2023 ISBN 9791091157391
  • Hakim Adi, Pan-Africanism: A History. London: Bloomsbury, 2018
  • Hakim Adi & Marika Sherwood, Pan-African History: Political Figures from Africa and the Diaspora Since 1787, London: Routledge, 2003
  • Wendell Nii Laryea Adjetey, Cross-Border Cosmopolitans: The Making of a Pan-African North America, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2023, ISBN 978-1-4696-6992-2
  • Imanuel Geiss, Panafrikanismus. Zur Geschichte der Dekolonisation. Habilitation, EVA, Frankfurt am Main, 1968, English as: The Pan-African Movement, London: Methuen, 1974, ISBN 0-416-16710-1, and as: The Pan-African Movement. A history of Pan-Africanism in America, Europe and Africa, New York: Africana Publ., 1974, ISBN 0-8419-0161-9
  • Blain N. Keisha, Asia Leeds, and Ula Y. Taylor, Women, Gender Politics and Pan-Africanism, Vol. 4, Issue 2 (Fall 2016), pp. 139–145
  • Colin Legum, Pan-Africanism: A Short Political Guide, revised edition, New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1965
  • Tony Martin, Pan-African Connection: From Slavery to Garvey and Beyond, Dover: The Majority Press, 1985
  • Willie Molesi, Black Africa versus Arab North Africa: The Great Divide, ISBN 979-8332308994
  • Willie Molesi, Relations Between Africans and Arabs: Harsh Realities, ISBN 979-8334767546
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