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Pancreatic cancer

From Wikipedia
pancreatic cancer
class of disease
Subclass ofendocrine gland cancer, pancreas disease, pancreatic neoplasm, gastrointestinal system cancer, disease Edit
Health specialtyoncology, gastroenterology Edit
Symptoms and signsabdominal pain, jaundice, acute pancreatitis, anorexia, Trousseau's syndrome Edit
Medical examinationmedical ultrasonography, computed tomography, blood test, biopsy, positron emission tomography Edit
Anatomical locationpancreas Edit
ICD-9-CM157.1, 157.8, 157.0, 157.2 Edit
ICPC 2 IDD76 Edit
NCI Thesaurus IDC3305 Edit

Pancreatic cancer dey arise wen cells insyd de pancreas, a glandular organ behind de stomach, dey begin to multiply out of control den form a mass. Dese cancerous cells get de ability to invade oda parts of de body.[1] A number of types of pancreatic cancer be known.[2]

De most common, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, dey account for about 90% of cases,[3] wey dem samtimes dey use de term "pancreatic cancer" to refer to dat type per.[2] Dese adenocarcinomas dey start within de part of de pancreas wey dey make digestive enzymes.[2] Chaw oda types of cancer, wich collectively dey represent de majority of de non-adenocarcinomas, sanso fi arise from dese cells.[2]

About 1–2% of cases of pancreatic cancer be neuroendocrine tumors, wich dey arise from de hormone-producing cells of de pancreas.[2] Dese be generally less aggressive dan pancreatic adenocarcinoma.[2]

Signs den symptoms of de most-common form of pancreatic cancer fi include yellow skin, abdominal anaa back pain, unexplained weight loss, light-colored stools, dark urine, den loss of appetite.[4] Usually, dem no dey see symptoms insyd de disease ein early stages, den symptoms wey be specific enough to suggest pancreatic cancer typically no dey develop til na de disease reach an advanced stage.[4][5] By de time of diagnosis, na pancreatic cancer often spread to oda parts of de body.[2][6]

Pancreatic cancer rarely dey occur before de age of 40, den more dan half of cases of pancreatic adenocarcinoma dey occur insyd those over 70.[5] Risk factors give pancreatic cancer dey include tobacco smoking, obesity, diabetes, den certain rare genetic conditions.[5] About 25% of cases be linked to smoking,[7] den 5–10% be linked to inherited genes.[5]

Dem usually dey diagnose pancreatic cancer by a combination of medical imaging techniques such as ultrasound anaa computed tomography, blood tests, den examination of tissue samples (biopsy).[7][8] Dem divide de disease into stages, from early (stage I) to late (stage IV).[6] Dem no find screening de general population to be effective.[9]

De risk of developing pancreatic cancer be lower among non-smokers, den people wey maintain a healthy weight den limit dema consumption of red anaa processed meat;[10] de risk be greater for men, smokers, den those plus diabetes.[11] Der be sam studies wey dey link high levels of red meat consumption to increased risk of pancreatic cancer, though meta-analyses typically find no clear evidence of a relationship.[12][13][14] Smokers dema risk of developing de disease dey decrease immediately upon quitting, den almost dey return to dat of de rest of de population after 20 years.[2] Dem fi treat pancreatic cancer plus surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, palliative care, anaa a combination of these.[4] Treatment options dey partly base on de cancer stage.[4] Surgery be de treatment per wey fi cure pancreatic adenocarcinoma,[6] wey na dem sanso fi be done to improve quality of life widout de potential for cure.[4][6] Pain management den medications to improve digestion sam times be needed.[6] Dem dey recommend early palliative care even for those wey dey receive treatment wey dey aim for a cure.[15]

Pancreatic cancer be among de most deadly forms of cancer globally, plus one of de lowest survival rates. Insyd 2015, na pancreatic cancers of all types result in 411,600 deaths globally.[16] Pancreatic cancer be de fifth-most-common cause of death from cancer insyd de United Kingdom,[17] den de third most-common insyd de United States.[18] De disease dey occur most often insyd de developed world, wer about 70% of de new cases insyd 2012 originate.[2] Pancreatic adenocarcinoma typically get a very poor prognosis; after diagnosis, 25% of people survive one year den 12% live for five years.[2][19] For cancers dem diagnose early, de five-year survival rate dey rise to about 20%.[20] Neuroendocrine cancers get better outcomes; at five years from diagnosis, 65% of those dem diagnose dey live, though survival considerably dey vary wey dey depend on de type of tumor.[2]

References

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  1. ↑ "What Is Cancer? Defining Cancer". National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health. 7 March 2014. Archived from the original on 25 June 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 Hruban RH (2014). "5.7 Pancreatic cancer". World Cancer Report. World Health Organization. pp. 413–421. ISBN 978-92-832-0429-9.
  3. ↑ Unless otherwise specified in boxes, reference is: Pishvaian MJ, Brody JR (March 2017). "Therapeutic Implications of Molecular Subtyping for Pancreatic Cancer". Oncology. 31 (3): 159–66, 168. PMID 28299752.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 "Pancreatic Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) Patient Version". National Cancer Institute. National Institutes of Health. 17 April 2014. Archived from the original on 5 July 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Ryan DP, Hong TS, Bardeesy N (September 2014). "Pancreatic adenocarcinoma". The New England Journal of Medicine. 371 (11): 1039–49. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1404198. PMID 25207767.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Bond-Smith G, Banga N, Hammond TM, Imber CJ (May 2012). "Pancreatic adenocarcinoma". BMJ. 344 (may16 1) e2476. doi:10.1136/bmj.e2476. PMID 22592847. S2CID 206894869.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Wolfgang CL, Herman JM, Laheru DA, Klein AP, Erdek MA, Fishman EK, Hruban RH (September 2013). "Recent progress in pancreatic cancer". CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 63 (5): 318–48. doi:10.3322/caac.21190. PMC 3769458. PMID 23856911.
  8. ↑ Vincent A, Herman J, Schulick R, Hruban RH, Goggins M (August 2011). "Pancreatic cancer" (PDF). Lancet. 378 (9791): 607–20. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62307-0. PMC 3062508. PMID 21620466. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 January 2015.
  9. ↑ Vincent A, Herman J, Schulick R, Hruban RH, Goggins M (August 2011). "Pancreatic cancer" (PDF). Lancet. 378 (9791): 607–20. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62307-0. PMC 3062508. PMID 21620466. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 January 2015.
  10. ↑ "Can pancreatic cancer be prevented?". American Cancer Society. 11 June 2014. Archived from the original on 13 November 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
  11. ↑ Amri F, Belkhayat C, Yeznasni A, Koulali H, Jabi R, Zazour A, Abda N, Bouziane M, Ismaili Z, Kharrasse G (September 2023). "Association between pancreatic cancer and diabetes: insights from a retrospective cohort study". BMC Cancer. 23 (1) 856. doi:10.1186/s12885-023-11344-w. PMC 10496157. PMID 37697301.
  12. ↑ Sun Y, He X, Sun Y (2023-09-27). "Red and processed meat and pancreatic cancer risk: a meta-analysis". Frontiers in Nutrition. 10 1249407. doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1249407. PMC 10565855. PMID 37829734.
  13. ↑ Larsson SC, Wolk A (January 2012). "Red and processed meat consumption and risk of pancreatic cancer: meta-analysis of prospective studies". British Journal of Cancer. 106 (3): 603–7. doi:10.1038/bjc.2011.585. PMC 3273353. PMID 22240790.
  14. ↑ Rohrmann S, Linseisen J, Nöthlings U, Overvad K, Egeberg R, Tjønneland A, Boutron-Ruault MC, Clavel-Chapelon F, Cottet V, Pala V, Tumino R, Palli D, Panico S, Vineis P, Boeing H, Pischon T, Grote V, Teucher B, Khaw KT, Wareham NJ, Crowe FL, Goufa I, Orfanos P, Trichopoulou A, Jeurnink SM, Siersema PD, Peeters PH, Brustad M, Engeset D, Skeie G, Duell EJ, Amiano P, Barricarte A, Molina-Montes E, Rodríguez L, Tormo MJ, Sund M, Ye W, Lindkvist B, Johansen D, Ferrari P, Jenab M, Slimani N, Ward H, Riboli E, Norat T, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB (February 2013). "Meat and fish consumption and risk of pancreatic cancer: results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition". International Journal of Cancer. 132 (3): 617–624. doi:10.1002/ijc.27637. PMID 22610753. S2CID 2613568.
  15. ↑ Bardou M, Le Ray I (December 2013). "Treatment of pancreatic cancer: A narrative review of cost-effectiveness studies". Best Practice & Research. Clinical Gastroenterology. 27 (6): 881–892. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2013.09.006. PMID 24182608.
  16. ↑ Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, et al. (GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". The Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281.
  17. ↑ "Cancer facts and figures – Why we exist". Pancreatic Cancer Research Fund. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
  18. ↑ "Pancreatic Cancer – Cancer Stat Facts". SEER (in English). Retrieved 4 April 2019.
  19. ↑ "Five-Year Pancreatic Cancer Survival Rate Increases to 12%". PANCAN. 2023. Archived from the original on 4 March 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
  20. ↑ "Pancreatic Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) Health Professional Version". National Cancer Institute. National Institutes of Health. 21 February 2014. Archived from the original on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 24 November 2014. "The highest cure rate occurs if the tumor is truly localized to the pancreas; however, this stage of disease accounts for less than 20% of cases. In cases with localized disease and small cancers (<2 cm) with no lymph-node metastases and no extension beyond the capsule of the pancreas, complete surgical resection is still associated with a low actuarial five-year survival rate of 18% to 24%."
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