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Pangani River

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Pangani River
river
Origin of the watercourseNyumba ya Mungu Reservoir Edit
Mouth of the watercourseIndian Ocean Edit
TributaryQ1941134, Lwengera River, Mkuzu River Edit
Drainage basinPangani River basin Edit
CountryTanzania Edit
Coordinate location3°49′38″S 37°28′9″E, 5°26′2″S 38°59′1″E Edit

De Pangani River (Mto Pangani, insyd Swahili), (dem sanso call Luffu den Jipe Ruvu, especially insyd older sources, wey dem probably once call Rhaptus) be a major river of northeastern Tanzania. E get two main sources:[1] de Ruvu, wich dey rise as Lumi at Kilimanjaro, dey pass thru Lake Jipe, den dey empty into de Nyumba ya Mungu Reservoir, den de Kikuletwa River, wey dey cam from de west den mainly feed by rivers of Mount Meru insyd Arusha Region, wich sanso dey enter into de Nyumba ya Mungu Reservoir insyd Kilimanjaro Region. Just after leaving de reservoir de stream cam be de main Pangani, wich dey empty into de Indian Ocean insyd Tanga Region at de Tangan port town of Pangani.[2]

For much of ein length de river dey flow along de regional borders of Kilimanjaro Region den Manyara Region, before e dey flow into Tanga Region, wich dey contain de 68 MW Pangani Power Station den de Pangani Falls Dam. Der be several inhabited islands within de river. De river be full of crocodiles; hippopotami be scarcer insyd ein lower parts.

Etymology

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A main source of Pangani dey originate on Kilimanjaro, wer be be River Lumi. Lake Jipe fi be considered a backwater of de Lumi.[3] Below Lake Jipe den above de falls, de river be referred to as "Ruvu".[4]

Formerly de main course towards de sea alternatively be called "Ruvu" den "Pangani".[5] Nowadays dat be settled as "Pangani" from de Nyumba ya Mungu reservoir to de Ocean. While de Swahili call am "Pangani" (wey dey mean distribute anaa arrange),[6] e be called "Luffu" by de Wasambara (indigenous to de Nderema area, on de three ridges nearer de coast) den de Zigua (wey dey live on de river ein islands).[2][4] Almost all authorities agree say de river "Rhaptus" of Ptolemy ein topographical maps be de Pangani of modern maps.[7]

Geography

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De Pangani be 500 kilometres (310 mi) in length.[8]

Source

One source of de river dey rise insyd Kilimanjaro, about 120 miles (190 km) from de sea. Known as de Lumi insyd dis area, ein course dey run thru Lake Jipe. De other be at Mount Meru insyd de west wey e be known as de Kikuletwa. Like all African rivers, ein depth dey vary plus de season. De river be highest around May den lowest around October. Anoda source be de Saunyi River insyd Kilindi District.

Pangani River thru Bushiri ward of Pangani District
Midsection

E be navigable for small craft between de lake den de Höhnel Cataracts, a series of rapids.[9] Below de Höhnel Cataracts, e get numerous tributaries, den chaw islands plus villages on dem. De stream be strongest above Koleni, within 5 miles of de Pangani Falls, wer de river be narrow. Dis section no be navigable for any considerable distance on account of de falls, wich be about 30 miles (48 km) from de mouth. Approximately 4 miles (6.4 km) from de mouth, dense mangrove swamp dey cover de flatland between de hills on either side. Insyd dis area, near Teufelsfelsen, be higher land, a fertile area, den de arid Masai Steppe.[8] On dis bank be Mount Kovu Kovu, 360 feet (110 m) in height, while on de south bank be a ridge 400 feet (120 m) high. Pombwe, one of de principal settlements on de river, dey situate about 1 mile (1.6 km) west of Kovu Kovu. Above Pombwe, de West African oil palm dey grow, while below Pombwe, de trees be chiefly areca den coconut palms.[10] De village of Lemkuna den de hamlet of Ngage be on de river ein west bank, while Mvungwe den Meserani be on ein eastern bank.[11]

Mouth

De mouth dey locate 52 kilometres (32 mi) south of Tanga.[6] De river be tidal for a distance of 22 miles (35 km) from de entrance.[10] De southern side of de entrance be marked by a perpendicular bluff dem name Bweni, about 200 feet (61 m) high; der be a village of de same name, Bweni, situate hie. De northern side of de entrance be a flat sandy beach wey dey extend from de head of de bay. Der be several settlements at de entrance, two on de northern den two on de southern bank. Historically, de town of Pangani, on de river ein left bank, get a reputation for fevers.[12] At ein estuary, by Pangani town, de river be about 600 feet (180 m) in breadth, den 12–15 feet (3.7–4.6 m) deep.

Tributaries

Several tributaries wey dey cam from de Pare Mountains, de Usambara Mountains den de Wasegiia wilderness join de Pangani insyd ein course. Dese dey include de Kibaya, Komkuza, Kwachigulu, Kwamwadyau den Mnyusi.[13]

Hydrometry

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Average monthly flow of Pangani dem measure at de hydrological station insyd Korogwe Estate, about 110 km above de mouth insyd m³ / s (1959–77).[14] De Pangani dey flow stimulate time-dependent, like most rivers insyd de region.

Pangani Basin

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De Pangani Basin (PB) be one of Tanzania ein nine drainage basins. E dey extend from de northern highlands to Tanzania ein north-eastern coastline, de PB be approximately 56,300 square kilometres (21,700 sq mi) in size, of wich 4,880 square kilometres (1,880 sq mi) be within Kenya.[15] Five sub-basins dey comprise de basin: de Pangani River (43,650 square kilometres (16,850 sq mi)), de Umba River (8,070 square kilometres (3,120 sq mi)), de Msangazi River (5,030 square kilometres (1,940 sq mi)), de Zigi River, den de Mkulumuzi River plus oda coastal rivers (2,080 square kilometres (800 sq mi)).[16] All of dese empty into de Indian Ocean.[17]

De Pangani Basin Water Board (PBWB) na dem establish insyd July 1991 under de Water Utilization (Control and Regulation) Act No. 42 of 1974. Ein headquarters dey insyd de Moshi municipality insyd de Kilimanjaro Region. Ein oda two offices be insyd Arusha den Tanga.[17] De PBWB dey consist of ten professionals from public institutions den private sector LGAs, UWSAs, den oda committees.

De river system dey under pressure secof conflicting water uses den major overallocations of ein water. Chaw farmers dey rely on de river for irrigation. Damming projects along de river reduce de river ein flow from several hundred cubic metres per second to less dan 40 cubic metres per second (1,400 cu ft/s). Dis affect coastal communities, wich see large reductions insyd fish populations den saltwater intrusion[18] Insyd 2002, de Pangani River Basin Management Project be established to manage de basin ein water resources. E dey receive technical assistance from de International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), de SNV Netherlands Development Organisation, de GIZ German Development Organisation den de local non-governmental organization PAMOJA.[18] De project sanso receive funds from de government of Tanzania, IUCN, de European Commission, den de Global Environment Facility thru de United Nations Development Programme.[18]

Commerce

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Der be a good deal of trade hie, dhows loading den unloading on de river. Dem dey bring produce down de river, principally on rafts dem make of de Moale palm, wich then be broken up den cam be articles of commerce. Insyd 1878, de most common crop dem cultivate on de river ein banks dem report to be sugar.[12]

References

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  1. ↑ "Entry "Pangani" in the German Koloniallexikon". Archived from the original on 2014-10-11. Retrieved 2011-12-10.
  2. 1 2 THE CHRISTIAN MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCER (Now in the public domain. ed.). 1852. pp. 93–. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
  3. ↑ Meyer, Hans (1891). Across East African glaciers: an account of the first ascent of Kilimanjaro. G. Philip & son. pp. 321–. Retrieved 11 October 2011.
  4. 1 2 New, Charles (1875). "Journey from the Pangani, via Wadigo, to Mombasa". Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London. 19 (5): 317–323. doi:10.2307/1799979. JSTOR 1799979.
  5. ↑ cf the map Sheet SB 37/2, Series Y401, by War Office 1946 of 1946 and this map from 1960 Sheet SB-37-2 Series Y503, Edition 1-TSD, Published by the Survey Division, Ministry of Lands, Survey and Water, Tanganyika 1960, both showing "Pangani or Ruvu River" as name
  6. 1 2 Hodd, Michael (22 March 2002). East Africa handbook. pp. 383–. ISBN 978-1-900949-65-1. Retrieved 11 October 2011.
  7. ↑ Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain) (1891). Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and monthly record of geography (Now in the public domain. ed.). Edward Stanford. pp. 524–. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
  8. 1 2 "Pangani Basin". IWMNet. Archived from the original on 18 February 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
  9. ↑ Lewin, Evans (1924). Africa (Now in the public domain. ed.). Clarendon press. p. 108. Retrieved 11 October 2011.
  10. 1 2 United States. Hydrographic Office (1916). Africa Pilot: South and east coasts of Africa from Cape of Good Hope to Ras Hafun (Now in the public domain. ed.). Hydrographic office under the authority of the secretary of the navy. pp. 392–. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
  11. ↑ Catchment ecosystems and downstream water : the value of water resources in the Pangani basin, Tanzania. IUCN. pp. 34–. ISBN 978-955-8177-49-5. Retrieved 11 October 2011.
  12. 1 2 Great Britain. Hydrographic Office (1878). Africa pilot: South and east coasts of Africa, from the Cape of Good Hope to Cape Guardafui, including the islands in Mozambique Channel (Now in the public domain ed.). Printed for the Hydrographic Office, Admiralty. pp. 327, 328–. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
  13. ↑ Journal of tropical medicine and hygiene. Staples and Staples, Ltd. 1959. p. 40. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
  14. ↑ GRDC - The Pangani in Korogwe
  15. ↑ Bhatt, Yogesh Chandra; Bossio, Deborah; Enfors, E.; Gordon, L.; Kongo, V.; Kosgei, J. R.; Makurira, H.; Masuki, K.; Mul, M.; Tumbo, S. D. (2006). Smallholder system innovations in integrated watershed management (SSI): Strategies of water for food and environmental security in drought-prone tropical and subtropical agro-ecosystems. International Water Management Institute. p. 10. ISBN 978-92-9090-634-6. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
  16. ↑ "Pangani Basin Water Board". Mini Grids Information Portal. Archived from the original on 27 March 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  17. 1 2 "Pangani Basin". Pangani Basin Water Board. Archived from the original on 2011-10-21. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
  18. 1 2 3 "Pangani River Basin". International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
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