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Paracetamol

From Wikipedia
paracetamol
type of chemical entity
Subclass ofacetamides, aromatic amide, phenols Edit
Part ofresponse to paracetamol Edit
Get useMedication Edit
Associated hazarddust explosion Edit
Colorwhite Edit
Smells ofno value Edit
Has effectparacetamol toxicity Edit
Does not have effectautism Edit
Chemical formulaC₈H₉NO₂ Edit
Canonical SMILESCC(=O)NC1=CC=C(C=C1)O Edit
Safety classification and labellingRegulation (EC) No. 1272/2008 Edit
Activator ofCol3a1 Edit
Active ingredient inOfirmev, Tylenol, Midol Long Lasting Relief, Mapap, tachipirina Edit
World Health Organisation international non-proprietary nameparacetamol Edit
Found insyd taxonStreptomyces xiamenensis Edit
Medical condition treatedhyperthermia, pain, susceptibility to severe influenza, nasopharyngitis, fever Edit
Physically dey interact plusProstaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1, Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2, taste receptor type 2 Edit
Route of administrationoral administration, rectal administration, intravenous infusion and defusion, intramuscular injection Edit
Legal status (medicine)General sales list (UK), FDA-approved, boxed warning Edit
Pregnancy categoryAustralian pregnancy category A, US pregnancy category C Edit
Get characteristicbitterness, crystal structure, combustibility Edit
Subject has rolenon-opioid analgesic, antipyretic, essential medicine Edit
WordLift URLhttp://data.medicalrecords.com/medicalrecords/healthwise/acetaminophen Edit

Paracetamol, anaa acetaminophen, be a non-opioid analgesic den antipyretic agent dem use to treat fever den mild to moderate pain.[1][2] E be a widely available over-the-counter drug dem sell under chaw brand names, wey dey include Tylenol den Panadol.

Paracetamol dey relief pain insyd both acute mild migraine den episodic tension headache.[3][4] At a standard dose, paracetamol slightly dey reduce fever,[1][5][6] though e be inferior to ibuprofen in dat respect[7] den de benefits of ein use give fever be unclear, particularly insyd de context of fever of viral origins.[8] De aspirin/paracetamol/caffeine combination sanso dey help plus both conditions wen de pain be mild wey na e be recommended as a first-line treatment give dem.[9] Paracetamol be effective for pain after wisdom tooth extraction, buh e be less effective dan ibuprofen.[10] De combination of paracetamol den ibuprofen dey provide greater analgesic efficacy dan either drug alone.[10][11] De pain relief paracetamol dey provide insyd osteoarthritis be small den clinically insignificant.[2][12] Evidence wey dey support ein use insyd low back pain, cancer pain, den neuropathic pain be insufficient.[2][13][14][15][16][17] Paracetamol be de first-line treatment give pain den fever insyd pregnancy; na dem no establish causal association plus neurodevelopmental disorders, while untreated pain den fever fi harm de mommie den fetus.[18][19][20]

In de short term, paracetamol be safe den effective wen na dem use as directed.[21] Short term adverse effects be uncommon den similar to ibuprofen.[22] Paracetamol be typically safer dan nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for long-term use.[23] Dem sanso often dey use paracetamol insyd patients wey no fi tolerate NSAIDs like ibuprofen.[24][25] Chronic consumption of paracetamol fi result insyd a drop in hemoglobin level, wey dey indicate possible gastrointestinal bleeding,[26] den abnormal liver function tests. De recommended maximum daily dose give an adult be three to four grams.[13][27] Higher doses fi lead to toxicity, wey dey include liver failure.[28] Paracetamol poisoning be de foremost cause of acute liver failure insyd de Western world, den dey account for most drug overdoses insyd de United States, de United Kingdom, Australia, den New Zealand.[29][30][31]

Na dem first make paracetamol insyd 1878 by Harmon Northrop Morse anaa possibly insyd 1852 by Charles Frédéric Gerhardt.[32][33][34] E be de most commonly used medication for pain den fever insyd both de United States den Europe.[35] E dey on de World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[36] Paracetamol be available as a generic medication, plus brand names wey dey include Tylenol den Panadol among odas.[37] Insyd 2023, na e be de 112th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 5 million prescriptions.[38][39]

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Warwick C (November 2008). "Paracetamol and fever management". J R Soc Promot Health. 128 (6): 320–323. doi:10.1177/1466424008092794. PMID 19058473. S2CID 25702228.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Saragiotto BT, Abdel Shaheed C, Maher CG (December 2019). "Paracetamol for pain in adults". BMJ. 367 l6693. doi:10.1136/bmj.l6693. PMID 31892511. S2CID 209524643.
  3. ↑ Marmura MJ, Silberstein SD, Schwedt TJ (January 2015). "The acute treatment of migraine in adults: the american headache society evidence assessment of migraine pharmacotherapies". Headache. 55 (1): 3–20. doi:10.1111/head.12499. PMID 25600718. S2CID 25576700.
  4. ↑ Stephens G, Derry S, Moore RA (June 2016). "Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for acute treatment of episodic tension-type headache in adults". Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 (6) CD011889. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011889.pub2. PMC 6457822. PMID 27306653.
  5. ↑ Chiumello D, Gotti M, Vergani G (April 2017). "Paracetamol in fever in critically ill patients-an update". J Crit Care. 38: 245–252. doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2016.10.021. PMID 27992852. S2CID 5815020.
  6. ↑ de Martino M, Chiarugi A (December 2015). "Recent Advances in Pediatric Use of Oral Paracetamol in Fever and Pain Management". Pain Ther. 4 (2): 149–68. doi:10.1007/s40122-015-0040-z. PMC 4676765. PMID 26518691.
  7. ↑ Pierce CA, Voss B (March 2010). "Efficacy and safety of ibuprofen and acetaminophen in children and adults: a meta-analysis and qualitative review". Ann Pharmacother. 44 (3): 489–506. doi:10.1345/aph.1M332. PMID 20150507. S2CID 44669940.
  8. ↑ Ludwig J, McWhinnie H (May 2019). "Antipyretic drugs in patients with fever and infection: literature review". Br J Nurs. 28 (10): 610–618. doi:10.12968/bjon.2019.28.10.610. PMID 31116598. S2CID 162182092.
  9. ↑ Mayans L, Walling A (February 2018). "Acute Migraine Headache: Treatment Strategies". Am Fam Physician. 97 (4): 243–251. PMID 29671521.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Bailey E, Worthington HV, van Wijk A, Yates JM, Coulthard P, Afzal Z (December 2013). "Ibuprofen and/or paracetamol (acetaminophen) for pain relief after surgical removal of lower wisdom teeth". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (12) CD004624. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004624.pub2. PMC 11561150. PMID 24338830.
  11. ↑ Moore PA, Hersh EV (August 2013). "Combining ibuprofen and acetaminophen for acute pain management after third-molar extractions: translating clinical research to dental practice". J Am Dent Assoc. 144 (8): 898–908. doi:10.14219/jada.archive.2013.0207. PMID 23904576.
  12. ↑ Kolasinski SL, Neogi T, Hochberg MC, Oatis C, Guyatt G, Block J, Callahan L, Copenhaver C, Dodge C, Felson D, Gellar K, Harvey WF, Hawker G, Herzig E, Kwoh CK, Nelson AE, Samuels J, Scanzello C, White D, Wise B, Altman RD, DiRenzo D, Fontanarosa J, Giradi G, Ishimori M, Misra D, Shah AA, Shmagel AK, Thoma LM, Turgunbaev M, Turner AS, Reston J (February 2020). "2019 American College of Rheumatology/Arthritis Foundation Guideline for the Management of Osteoarthritis of the Hand, Hip, and Knee". Arthritis Care & Research. 72 (2): 149–162. doi:10.1002/acr.24131. hdl:2027.42/153772. PMC 11488261. PMID 31908149. S2CID 210043648.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Machado GC, Maher CG, Ferreira PH, Pinheiro MB, Lin CW, Day RO, McLachlan AJ, Ferreira ML (March 2015). "Efficacy and safety of paracetamol for spinal pain and osteoarthritis: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials". BMJ. 350 h1225. doi:10.1136/bmj.h1225. PMC 4381278. PMID 25828856.
  14. ↑ Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, McLean RM, Forciea MA (April 2017). "Noninvasive Treatments for Acute, Subacute, and Chronic Low Back Pain: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American College of Physicians". Ann Intern Med. 166 (7): 514–530. doi:10.7326/M16-2367. PMID 28192789. S2CID 207538763.
  15. ↑ Saragiotto BT, Machado GC, Ferreira ML, Pinheiro MB, Abdel Shaheed C, Maher CG (June 2016). "Paracetamol for low back pain". Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 6 (6) CD012230. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012230. PMC 6353046. PMID 27271789.
  16. ↑ Wiffen PJ, Derry S, Moore RA, McNicol ED, Bell RF, Carr DB, McIntyre M, Wee B (July 2017). "Oral paracetamol (acetaminophen) for cancer pain". Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 7 (2) CD012637. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012637.pub2. PMC 6369932. PMID 28700092.
  17. ↑ Wiffen PJ, Knaggs R, Derry S, Cole P, Phillips T, Moore RA (December 2016). "Paracetamol (acetaminophen) with or without codeine or dihydrocodeine for neuropathic pain in adults". Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 12 (5) CD012227. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012227.pub2. PMC 6463878. PMID 28027389.
  18. ↑ "Public advisory: Acetaminophen is a recommended treatment for fever and pain during pregnancy". Health Canada, Government of Canada. 23 September 2025. Retrieved 24 September 2025.
  19. ↑ "SOGC Position Statement on the use of Acetaminophen for Analgesia and Fever in Pregnancy" (PDF). Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada. 12 September 2025. Retrieved 24 September 2025.
  20. ↑ "WHO statement on autism-related issues". www.who.int (in English). Retrieved 25 September 2025.
  21. ↑ "Acetaminophen". Health Canada. 11 October 2012. Archived from the original on 3 November 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  22. ↑ Southey ER, Soares-Weiser K, Kleijnen J (September 2009). "Systematic review and meta-analysis of the clinical safety and tolerability of ibuprofen compared with paracetamol in paediatric pain and fever". Current Medical Research and Opinion. 25 (9): 2207–2222. doi:10.1185/03007990903116255. PMID 19606950. S2CID 31653539. Archived from the original on 3 January 2023. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
  23. ↑ "Acetaminophen vs Ibuprofen: Which is better?". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 19 February 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  24. ↑ Moore RA, Moore N (July 2016). "Paracetamol and pain: the kiloton problem". European Journal of Hospital Pharmacy. 23 (4): 187–188. doi:10.1136/ejhpharm-2016-000952. PMC 6451482. PMID 31156845.
  25. ↑ Conaghan PG, Arden N, Avouac B, Migliore A, Rizzoli R (April 2019). "Safety of Paracetamol in Osteoarthritis: What Does the Literature Say?". Drugs Aging. 36 (Suppl 1): 7–14. doi:10.1007/s40266-019-00658-9. PMC 6509082. PMID 31073920.
  26. ↑ Roberts E, Delgado Nunes V, Buckner S, Latchem S, Constanti M, Miller P, Doherty M, Zhang W, Birrell F, Porcheret M, Dziedzic K, Bernstein I, Wise E, Conaghan PG (March 2016). "Paracetamol: not as safe as we thought? A systematic literature review of observational studies". Ann Rheum Dis. 75 (3): 552–9. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-206914. PMC 4789700. PMID 25732175.
  27. ↑ "Paracetamol for adults: painkiller to treat aches, pains and fever". National Health Service. Archived from the original on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
  28. ↑ "Acetaminophen". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 5 June 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2016.
  29. ↑ Daly FF, Fountain JS, Murray L, Graudins A, Buckley NA (March 2008). "Guidelines for the management of paracetamol poisoning in Australia and New Zealand—explanation and elaboration. A consensus statement from clinical toxicologists consulting to the Australasian poisons information centres". The Medical Journal of Australia. 188 (5): 296–301. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2008.tb01625.x. PMID 18312195. S2CID 9505802.
  30. ↑ Hawkins LC, Edwards JN, Dargan PI (2007). "Impact of restricting paracetamol pack sizes on paracetamol poisoning in the United Kingdom: a review of the literature". Drug Saf. 30 (6): 465–79. doi:10.2165/00002018-200730060-00002. PMID 17536874. S2CID 36435353.
  31. ↑ Larson AM, Polson J, Fontana RJ, Davern TJ, Lalani E, Hynan LS, Reisch JS, Schiødt FV, Ostapowicz G, Shakil AO, Lee WM, Acute Liver Failure Study Group (2005). "Acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure: results of a United States multicenter, prospective study". Hepatology. 42 (6): 1364–72. doi:10.1002/hep.20948. PMID 16317692. S2CID 24758491.
  32. ↑ Mangus BC, Miller MG (2005). Pharmacology application in athletic training. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: F.A. Davis. p. 39. ISBN 9780803620278. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
  33. ↑ Eyers SJ (April 2012). The effect of regular paracetamol on bronchial responsiveness and asthma control in mild to moderate asthma (Ph.D. thesis). University of Otago). Archived from the original on 24 August 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
  34. ↑ Roy J (2011). "Paracetamol – the best selling antipyretic analgesic in the world". An introduction to pharmaceutical sciences: production, chemistry, techniques and technology. Oxford: Biohealthcare. p. 270. ISBN 978-1-908818-04-1. Archived from the original on 24 August 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
  35. ↑ Aghababian RV (22 October 2010). Essentials of emergency medicine. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 814. ISBN 978-1-4496-1846-9. Archived from the original on 17 August 2016.
  36. ↑ World Health Organization (2025). The selection and use of essential medicines, 2025: WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, 24th list. Geneva: World Health Organization. doi:10.2471/B09474. hdl:10665/382243. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  37. ↑ Hamilton RJ (2013). Tarascon pocket pharmacopeia: 2013 classic shirt-pocket edition (27th ed.). Burlington, Massachusetts: Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 12. ISBN 9781449665869. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.
  38. ↑ "Top 300 of 2023". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 12 August 2025. Retrieved 12 August 2025.
  39. ↑ "Acetaminophen Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2023". ClinCalc. Retrieved 18 August 2025.
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