Jump to content

Parkinson's disease

From Wikipedia
Parkinson's disease
Other namesParkinson disease, idiopathic anaa primary parkinsonism, hypokinetic rigid syndrome, paralysis agitans, shaking palsy
Two sketches (one from de front den one from de right side) of a man, plus an expressionless face. He be stooped forward wey he presumably get difficulty wey he dey walk.
Illustration of Parkinson's disease by William Richard Gowers, dem first publish insyd A Manual of Diseases of the Nervous System (1886)
SpecialtyNeurology
SymptomsShaking, rigidity, slowness of movement, difficulty walking
Usual onsetAge over 60
CausesUnknown
Risk factorsPesticide exposure, head injuries
Diagnostic methodBased for symptoms top
Differential diagnosisDementia plus Lewy bodies, progressive supranuclear palsy, essential tremor, antipsychotic use[1]
TreatmentExercise, medications, surgery
MedicationL-DOPA, dopamine agonist
PrognosisLife expectancy ~ 15 years[2]
Frequency6.2 million (2015)
Deaths117,400 (2015)

Parkinson's disease (PD), anaa simply Parkinson's, be a neurodegenerative disease primarily of de central nervous system, wey dey affect both motor den non-motor systems. Symptoms typically dey develop gradually, plus non-motor issues wey cam turn more prevalent as de disease dey progress. De motor symptoms be collectively called parkinsonism den dey include tremors, bradykinesia, rigidity as well as postural instability (i.e., difficulty maintaining balance). Non-motor symptoms dey develop later insyd de disease den dey include behavioral changes anaa neuropsychiatric problems such as sleep abnormalities, psychosis, den mood swings.

Chaw Parkinson's disease cases be sporadic, though dem identify factors wey dey contribute. Pathophysiology dey involve progressive degeneration of nerve cells insyd de substantia nigra, a midbrain region wey dey provide dopamine to de basal ganglia, a system wey involve insyd voluntary motor control. De cause of dis cell death be poorly understood buh e dey involve de aggregation of alpha-synuclein into Lewy bodies within neurons. Oda potential factors dey involve genetic den environmental influences, medications, lifestyle, den prior health conditions.

Diagnosis primarily dey base for signs and symptoms top, typically motor-related, identified thru neurological examination. Medical imaging techniques like positron emission tomography fi support de diagnosis. Parkinson's typically dey manifest insyd individuals over 60, plus about one percent wey be affect. Insyd those younger dan 50, e be termed "early-onset PD".

References

[edit | edit source]
  1. ↑ Ferri FF (2010). Ferri's differential diagnosis : a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Mosby. p. Chapter P. ISBN 978-0323076999.
  2. ↑ Golbe LI, Leyton CE (November 2018). "Life expectancy in Parkinson disease". Neurology (Editorial). 91 (22): 991–992. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000006560. PMID 30381371.
[edit | edit source]

Works dem cite

[edit | edit source]

Books

[edit | edit source]

Journal articles

[edit | edit source]

Web sources

[edit | edit source]

News publications

[edit | edit source]
Dem retrieve am from "https://gpe.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parkinson%27s_disease&oldid=57937"