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Phenobarbital

From Wikipedia
phenobarbital
type of chemical entity
Subclass ofchemical compound Edit
Get useMedication Edit
Stylized namePHENobarbital Edit
Has effectphenobarbital allergy Edit
Chemical formulaC₁₂H₁₂N₂O₃ Edit
Canonical SMILESCCC1(C(=O)NC(=O)NC1=O)C2=CC=CC=C2 Edit
World Health Organisation international non-proprietary namephenobarbital Edit
Physically dey interact plusnuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2 Edit
Pregnancy categoryAustralian pregnancy category D, US pregnancy category D Edit

Phenobarbital, dem sanso know as phenobarbitone, dem sell under de brand name Luminal among odas, be a medication of de barbiturate type.[1] E be recommended by de World Health Organization (WHO) for de treatment of certain types of epilepsy insyd developing countries.[2] Insyd de developed world, e be commonly used to treat seizures insyd young kiddies,[3] while oda medications be generally used insyd older kiddies den adults.[4] E sanso be used for veterinary purposes.[5]

E fi be administered by slow intravenous infusion (IV infusion), intramuscularly (IM), anaa orally (dem swallow by mouth). Subcutaneous administration no be recommended.[6] De IV anaa IM (injectable forms) fi be used to treat status epilepticus if oda drugs fail to achieve satisfactory results.[6] Phenobarbital occasionally be used to treat insomnia, anxiety, den benzodiazepine withdrawal (as well as withdrawal from certain oda drugs insyd specific circumstances), den prior to surgery as an anxiolytic den to induce sedation.[6] E usually begin dey work within five minutes wen dem use intravenously den half an hour wen dem administer orally.[6] Ein effects dey last for between four hours den two days.[6][7]

Potentially serious side effects dey include a decreased level of consciousness den respiratory depression.[6] Der be potential for both abuse den withdrawal dey follow long-term use.[6] E sanso fi increase de risk of suicide.[6]

E be pregnancy category D insyd Australia, wey dey mean say e fi cause harm wen dem take am during pregnancy.[6][8] If dem use am during breastfeeding e fi result in drowsiness insyd de baby.[9] Phenobarbital dey work by increasing de activity of de inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA.[6]

Dem discover phenobarbital insyd 1912 wey e be de oldest still commonly used anti-seizure medication.[10][11] E dey on de World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[12]

References

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  1. ↑ "Phenobarbital". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
  2. ↑ Ilangaratne NB, Mannakkara NN, Bell GS, Sander JW (December 2012). "Phenobarbital: missing in action". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 90 (12): 871–871A. doi:10.2471/BLT.12.113183. PMC 3524964. PMID 23284189.
  3. ↑ Brodie MJ, Kwan P (December 2012). "Current position of phenobarbital in epilepsy and its future". Epilepsia. 53 (Suppl 8): 40–46. doi:10.1111/epi.12027. PMID 23205961. S2CID 25553143.
  4. ↑ National Clinical Guideline Centre (UK) (January 2012). "The Epilepsies: The Diagnosis and Management of the Epilepsies in Adults and Children in Primary and Secondary Care: Pharmacological Update of Clinical Guideline 20". National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence: Guidance. London: Royal College of Physicians (UK). PMID 25340221. Archived from the original on 8 November 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022 – via PubMed.
  5. ↑ Thomas WB (2003). "Seizures and narcolepsy". In Dewey CW (ed.). A Practical Guide to Canine and Feline Neurology. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State Press. ISBN 978-0-8138-1249-6.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Phenobarbital". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
  7. ↑ Marx JA (2010). Rosen's emergency medicine: concepts and clinical practice (7 ed.). Philadelphia: Mosby/Elsevier. p. 1352. ISBN 978-0-323-05472-0. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016.
  8. ↑ "Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database". Australian Government. 3 March 2014. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
  9. ↑ "Phenobarbital use while Breastfeeding". 2013. Archived from the original on 8 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
  10. ↑ Brenner GM, Stevens CW (2013). "Antiepileptic Drugs". Pharmacology (4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. p. 204. ISBN 978-1-4557-0278-7. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017.
  11. ↑ Engel J (2008). Epilepsy: a comprehensive textbook (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 1431. ISBN 978-0-7817-5777-5. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016.
  12. ↑ The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023). Geneva: World Health Organization. 2023. hdl:10665/371090. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02.
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