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Pneumonia

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Pneumonia
Other namesPneumonitis
Chest X-ray of a pneumonia wey be caused by influenza den Haemophilus influenzae, plus patchy consolidations, mainly insyd de right upper lobe (arrow)
SpecialtyPulmonology, infectious disease
SymptomsCough, shortness of breath, chest pain, fever[1]
DurationFew weeks
CausesBacteria, virus, aspiration pneumonia
Risk factorsCystic fibrosis, COPD, sickle cell disease, asthma, diabetes, heart failure, history of smoking, very young age, older age[2][3]
Diagnostic methodBase for symptoms top, chest X-ray
Differential diagnosisCOPD, asthma, pulmonary edema, pulmonary embolism
PreventionVaccines, handwashing, no dey smoke
MedicationAntibiotics, antivirals, oxygen therapy
Frequency450 million (7%) per year
DeathsFour million per year

Pneumonia be an inflammatory condition of de lung wey primarily dey affect de small air sacs dem know as alveoli.[4][5] Symptoms typically dey include sam combination of productive anaa dry cough, chest pain, fever, den difficulty breathing.[6] De severity of de condition be variable.[6]

Pneumonia be usually caused by infection plus viruses anaa bacteria, den less commonly by oda microorganisms. Dey identify de responsible pathogen fi be difficult. Diagnosis dey often base for symptoms den physical examination top.[7] Chest X-rays, blood tests, den culture of de sputum fi help confirm de diagnosis.[7] Dem fi classify de disease by wer na e be acquired, such as community- anaa hospital-acquired anaa healthcare-associated pneumonia.[8]

Risk factors for pneumonia dey include cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), sickle cell disease, asthma, diabetes, heart failure, a history of smoking, a poor ability to cough (such as following a stroke), den immunodeficiency.[9][10]

Vaccines make dem prevent certain types of pneumonia (such as those wey be caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria, influenza viruses, anaa SARS-CoV-2) be available.[11] Oda methods of prevention dey include hand washing make e prevent infection, prompt treatment of worsening respiratory symptoms, den no dey smoke.[11][12]

Diagnosis

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Imaging

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A chest X-ray wey dey show a very prominent wedge-shaped area of airspace consolidation insyd de right lung characteristic of acute bacterial lobar pneumonia
  • Pneumonia wey be seen by ultrasound[13]
  • Pneumonia wey be seen by ultrasound[13]
  • Pneumonia wey be seen by ultrasound[13]
    Pneumonia wey be seen by ultrasound[13]
  • Right middle lobe pneumonia insyd a kiddie as seen on plain X-ray
    Right middle lobe pneumonia insyd a kiddie as seen on plain X-ray

References

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  1. ↑ "Pneumonia – Symptoms | NHLBI, NIH". nhlbi.nih.gov (in English). 24 March 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  2. ↑ "Pneumonia – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH". nhlbi.nih.gov (in English). 24 March 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  3. ↑ Caldeira D, Alarcão J, Vaz-Carneiro A, Costa J (July 2012). "Risk of pneumonia associated with use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers: systematic review and meta-analysis". BMJ. 345 (jul11 1): e4260. doi:10.1136/bmj.e4260. PMC 3394697. PMID 22786934. Susceptibility is higher among elderly people (≥65 years)
  4. ↑ McLuckie A, ed. (2009). Respiratory disease and its management. New York: Springer. p. 51. ISBN 978-1-84882-094-4.
  5. ↑ Leach, Richard E. (2009). Acute and Critical Care Medicine at a Glance (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-6139-8.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Ashby, Bonnie; Turkington, Carol (2007). The encyclopedia of infectious diseases (3rd ed.). New York: Facts on File. p. 242. ISBN 978-0-8160-6397-0. Retrieved 21 April 2011.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "How Is Pneumonia Diagnosed?". NHLBI. 1 March 2011. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
  8. ↑ "Types of Pneumonia". NHLBI. 1 March 2011. Archived from the original on 5 February 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
  9. ↑ "Pneumonia – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH". nhlbi.nih.gov. 24 March 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  10. ↑ "Complications and Treatments of Sickle Cell Disease | CDC". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (in American English). 12 June 2019. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "How Can Pneumonia Be Prevented?". NHLBI. 1 March 2011. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
  12. ↑ Lim, Wei Shen (2022). "Pneumonia—Overview". Encyclopedia of Respiratory Medicine. Elsevier. pp. 185–197. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.11636-8. ISBN 978-0-08-102724-0. PMC 7241411.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 "UOTW No. 34 – Ultrasound of the Week". Ultrasound of the Week. 20 January 2015. Archived from the original on 9 May 2017. Retrieved 27 May 2017.

Bibliography

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Dem retrieve am from "https://gpe.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pneumonia&oldid=57589"