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Polio

From Wikipedia
poliomyelitis
infectious disease, class of disease, signs den symptoms
Dem name afterJakob Heine, Karl Oskar Medin Edit
Has causepoliovirus Edit
Has effectOtter Valley polio epidemic, 1916 polio epidemic Edit
Health specialtyinfectious diseases, neurology, orthopedics Edit
Medical examinationphysical examination, viral culture, serological test Edit
Disease transmission processfecal–oral route, contact transmission Edit
Anatomical locationperipheral nervous system Edit
Hashtagpolio Edit
Has natural reservoirhuman Edit
ICD-9-CM045, 045.9, 045.92, 045.90 Edit
ICPC 2 IDN70 Edit
NCI Thesaurus IDC35550 Edit

Poliomyelitis (/ˌpoʊlioʊˌmaɪəˈlaɪtɪs/ POH-lee-oh-MY-ə-LY-tiss), dem commonly shorten to polio, be an infectious disease wey be caused by de poliovirus.[1] Approximately 75% of cases be asymptomatic;[2] mild symptoms wich fi occur dey include sore throat den fever; insyd a proportion of cases more severe symptoms dey develop such as headache, neck stiffness, den paresthesia.[1][3] Dese symptoms usually dey pass within one anaa two weeks. A less common symptom be permanent paralysis, den possible death insyd extreme cases.[1] Years after recovery, post-polio syndrome fi occur, plus a slow development of muscle weakness similar to wat na de person get during de initial infection.[4]

Polio dey occur naturally insyd humans per.[1] E be highly infectious, wey e be spread from person to person either thru fecal–oral transmission[1][5] (e.g. poor hygiene, anaa by ingestion of chow or water wey be contaminated by human feces), anaa via de oral–oral route. Those wey be infected fi spread de disease for up to six weeks even if no symptoms be present. Dem fi diagnose de disease by finding de virus insyd de feces anaa detecting antibodies against am insyd de blood.[1]

Na poliomyelitis exist for thousands of years, plus depictions of de disease insyd ancient art.[1] Na dem first recognize de disease as a distinct condition by de English physician Michael Underwood insyd 1789,[1][6] wey na dem first identify de virus wey dey cause am insyd 1909 by de Austrian immunologist Karl Landsteiner.[7][8] Na major outbreaks start to occur insyd de late 19th century insyd Europe den de United States,[1] den insyd de 20th century, e cam be one of de most worrying childhood diseases.[9] Following de introduction of polio vaccines insyd de 1950s, na polio incidence decline rapidly.[1] As of October 2023, na Pakistan den Afghanistan per remain endemic for wild poliovirus (WPV).[10]

Once infected, der be no specific treatment.[3] De disease fi be prevented by de polio vaccine, plus dem require multiple doses for lifelong protection.[3] Der be two broad types of polio vaccine; an injected polio vaccine (IPV) wey dey use inactivated poliovirus den an oral polio vaccine (OPV) wey dey contain attenuated (weakened) live virus.[1] Thru de use of both types of vaccine, na incidence of wild polio decrease from an estimated 350,000 cases insyd 1988[3] to 30 confirmed cases insyd 2022, dem confine to just three countries.[11] Insyd rare cases, na de traditional OPV be able to revert to a virulent form. Na dem develop den grant an improved oral vaccine plus greater genetic stability (nOPV2) full licensure den prequalification by de World Health Organization insyd December 2023.[12][13]

References

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Estivariz, Concepcion F.; Link-Gelles, Ruth; Shimabukuro, Tom (2021). "Chapter 18: Poliomyelitis". In Hall, Elisha; Wodi, A. Patricia; Hamborsky, Jennifer; Morelli, Valerie; Schillie, Sarah (eds.). Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (The Pink Book) (14th ed.). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, US). Archived from the original on 17 March 2022..
  2. ↑ "Disease factsheet about poliomyelitis". European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 26 March 2013. Archived from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "Poliomyelitis: Key facts". World Health Organisation. 22 July 2019. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017.
  4. ↑ "Post-Polio Syndrome Fact Sheet". NIH. 16 April 2014. Archived from the original on 29 July 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  5. ↑ CDC (2022-03-29). "What is Polio?". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 2022-04-24.
  6. ↑ Underwood, Michael (1789). A Treatise on the Diseases of Children. Vol. 2. London, England: J. Mathews. pp. 53–57.
  7. ↑ Daniel TM, Robbins FC, eds. (1999). Polio (1st ed.). Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-58046-066-8. Archived from the original on 17 June 2016.
  8. ↑ Landsteiner, Karl; Popper, Erwin (1909). "Übertragung der Poliomyelitis acuta auf Affen" [Transmission of Poliomyelitis acuta to monkeys]. Zeitschrift für Immunitätsforschung und experimentelle Therapie [Journal for Research on Immunity and Experimental Therapy] (in German). 2 (4): 377–390. Archived from the original on 9 September 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  9. ↑ Wheeler DS, Wong HR, Shanley TP, eds. (2009). Science and practice of pediatric critical care medicine. London: Springer. pp. 10–11. ISBN 978-1-84800-921-9. Archived from the original on 17 June 2016.
  10. ↑ "Poliomyelitis". www.who.int. Retrieved 2024-08-09.
  11. ↑ World Health Organization (Jan 3, 2023). "Global Wild Poliovirus 2016 - 2022" (PDF). Global Polio Eradication Initiative – World Health Organization. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-01-08. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  12. ↑ "Polio Vaccine: Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2022-05-06. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 2022-06-27.
  13. ↑ "GPEI-What's next for the novel oral polio vaccine type 2 (nOPV2) now that it's been WHO-prequalified?". Global Polio Eradication Initiative (in British English). 19 February 2024. Retrieved 2025-03-26.
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