Portuguese Angola

Portuguese Angola

colony, overseas province of Portugal, former administrative territorial entity

Part of	Portuguese colonization of Africa
Year dem found am	1655
Native label	Africa Ocidental Portuguesa
Continent	Africa
Country	Portuguese Empire
Capital	Luanda
Located in the present-day administrative territorial entity	Angola
Coordinate location	12°21′0″S 17°21′0″E
Government ein basic form	colony
Currency	Angolan escudo
Dey replace	Kingdom of Kakongo, Mbunda Kingdom

Insyd southwestern Africa, na Portuguese Angola be a historical colony of de Portuguese Empire (1575–1951), de overseas province Portuguese West Africa of Estado Novo Portugal (1951–1972), den de State of Angola of de Portuguese Empire (1972–1975). Na cam be de independent People's Republic of Angola insyd 1975.

Insyd de 16th den 17th century na Portugal rule along de coast wey na e engage insyd military conflicts plus de Kingdom of Kongo, buh insyd de 18th century Portugal gradually manage to colonise de interior highlands. Na oda polities insyd de region include de Kingdom of Ndongo, Kingdom of Lunda, den Mbunda Kingdom. Na dem no achieve full control of de entire territory til de beginning of de 20th century, wen agreements plus oda European powers during de Scramble for Africa fix de colony ein interior borders.

History

Na de history of Portuguese presence on de territory of contemporary Angola last from de arrival of de explorer Diogo Cão insyd 1484 til de decolonization of de territory insyd November 1975. Over dese five centuries, na chaw different situations exist.

Colony, 1575–1951

Queen Nzinga in peace negotiations plus de Portuguese governor insyd Luanda, 1657

Wen insyd 1484 Diogo Cão den oda explorers reach de Kongo Kingdom at de end of de 15th century, na ein present territory comprise a number of separate peoples, sam organized as kingdoms anaa tribal federations of varying sizes. Na de Portuguese be interested insyd trade, principally insyd slave trade. Na dem therefore maintain a peaceful den mutually profitable relationship plus de rulers den nobles of de Kongo Kingdom. Na Kings such as João I den Afonso I study Christianity wey na dem learn Portuguese, in turn wey dem Christianise dema nation wey dem share de benefits from de slave trade. Na de Portuguese establish small trading posts on de lower Congo, insyd de area of de present Democratic Republic. Na dem erect a more important trading settlement on de Atlantic coast at Soyo insyd de territory of de Kongo Kingdom. E now be Angola ein northernmost town, apart from de Cabinda exclave.

Overseas province, 1951–1971 beginning of de colonial war

Portuguese troops during de Colonial War

Insyd 1951, na de Portuguese Colony of Angola cam be an overseas province of Portugal. Insyd de late 1950s na de National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA) den de People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) begin dey organize strategies den action plans make dem fight Portuguese rule den de remunerated system wich na e affect chaw of de native African people wey komot de countryside, wey na dem relocate from dema homes wey na dem make dem perform compulsory work, almost always unskilled hard labour, insyd an environment of economic boom.

Portuguese soldiers insyd Angola

Luanda, Portuguese Angola 1972.

Campaign insyd de Eastern Front, 1971

Insyd 1971, na de Portuguese Armed Forces start a successful counter-insurgency military campaign wey expel de three guerrilla movements wey dey operate insyd de East to beyond de frontiers of Angola, de Frente Leste. Na de last guerrillas lost hundreds of soldiers wey e lef tons of equipment behind, disbanding chaotically to neighbouring countries anaa, insyd sam cases, dey join anaa dey surrender to de Portuguese. In order make dem gain de confidence of de local rural populations, den make dem create conditions give dema permanent den productive settlement insyd de region, na de Portuguese authorities organise massive vaccination campaigns, medical check-ups, den water, sanitation den alimentary infrastructure as a way to better contribute to de economic den social development of de people den dissociate de population from de guerrillas den dema influence. On 31 December 1972, na de Development Plan of the East (Plano de Desenvolvimento do Leste) include insyd ein first stage 466 development enterprises (na dem plete 150 wey na dem build 316). Na dem build nineteen health centres wey na dem construct 26. Na dem dey operate 51 new schools wey na dem dey construct 82. By 1972, after de Frente Leste, complemente by a pragmatic hearts den minds policy, na de military conflict insyd Angola effectively be won for de Portuguese.

Federated state status, 1972

Insyd June 1972, na de Portuguese National Assembly approve a new version of ein Organic Law on Overseas Territories, in order make e grant ein African overseas territories a wider political autonomy den to tone down de increasing dissent both internally den abroad. Na e change Angola ein status from an overseas province to an autonomous state plus authority over sam internal affairs, while na Portugal for retain responsibility give defense den foreign relations. However, na de intent be by no means to grant Angolan independence, buh na instead be make e "win de hearts den minds" of de Angolans, wey dey convince dem make dem remain permanently a part of an intercontinental Portugal.

Carnation Revolution, 1974 den independence, 1975

However, na de Portuguese authorities be unable make dem defeat de guerrillas as a whole during de Portuguese Colonial War, particularly insyd Portuguese Guinea, wey na dem suffer heavy casualties insyd de 13 years of conflict. Thru out de colonial war na Portugal face increasing dissent, arms embargoes den oda punitive sanctions from most of de international community. Na de war dey becam even more unpopular insyd Portuguese society secof ein length den costs, de worsening of diplomatic relations plus oda United Nations members, den de role na e play as a factor insyd de perpetuation of de Estado Novo regime. Na e be dis escalation wey go lead directly to de mutiny of members of de Portuguese armed forces insyd de Carnation Revolution of April 1974 – an event wey go lead to de independence of all of de former Portuguese colonies insyd Africa.

Geography

Cities

Na de capital of de territory be Luanda, dem officially call São Paulo de Luanda. Na oda cities den towns be:

• Porto Amboim
• Vila Teixeira da Silva
• São Felipe de Benguela
• Vila Robert Williams
• Duque de Bragança
• Vila General Machado
• Vila João de Almeida
• Vila Mariano Machado
• Nova Lisboa
• Silva Porto
• Vila da Ponte
• Lobito
• Sá da Bandeira
• Vila Luso
• Malanje
• Forte República
• São Salvador do Congo
• Serpa Pinto
• Moçâmedes
• Vila Salazar
• Vila Pereira d'Eça
• Vila Henrique de Carvalho
• Santo António do Zaire
• Novo Redondo
• Porto Alexandre
• Carmona

Na de exclave of Cabinda dey to de north. Na dem establish Portuguese Congo (Cabinda) a Portuguese protectorate by de 1885 Treaty of Simulambuco. Sam time during de 1920s, e cam be incorporated into de larger colony (later de overseas province) of Portuguese Angola. Na de two colonies initially be contiguous, buh later e cam be geographically separated by a narrow corridor of land, wich na Portugal cede to de Congo Free State, wey dey allow am access to de Atlantic Ocean. Dey follow de decolonisation of Portuguese Angola plus de 1975 Alvor Agreement, na de short-lived Republic of Cabinda unilaterally declare ein independence. However, na dem soon overpower Cabinda wey na dem re-annex am by de newly proclaimed People's Republic of Angola wey e never achieve international recognition.

Famous people

• António da Silva Porto
• Anthony Johnson
• Agostinho Neto
• Armando Gama
• Assunção Cristas
• Bonga
• Carlos Castro
• Carlos Cruz
• Daniel Chipenda
• Deolinda Rodrigues Francisco de Almeida
• Eduardo Nascimento
• Fernando Nobre
• Fernando José de França Dias Van-Dúnem
• Fernando Peyroteo
• Francisca Van Dunem
• Graça de Freitas
• Henrique Galvão
• Holden Roberto
• Horácio Roque
• Isabel dos Santos
• Jacinto João
• Joana Amaral Dias
• João Carqueijeiro
• Jonas Savimbi
• Jordão

Na dem born José Águas insyd Luanda in 1930.

• José Águas
• José Eduardo Agualusa
• José Eduardo dos Santos
• José Norton de Matos
• José Quitongo
• Mário Pinto de Andrade
• Marcolino Moco
• Miguel Arcanjo
• Miguel Relvas
• Mwene Mbandu I Lyondthzi Kapova of Mbunda
• Nzinga of Ndongo den Matamba
• Paula Teixeira da Cruz
• Paulo Maló
• Paulo Kassoma
• Pedro Passos Coelho
• Pepetela
• Raul Águas
• Viriato da Cruz
• Waldemar Bastos
• Zeca Afonso

References

Bibliography

• Åkesson, Lisa (2018). Postcolonial Portuguese Migration to Angola Migrants Or Masters?. New York: Springer International Publishing. ISBN 9783319730523.
• Gerardo Augusto Pery, ed. (1875). "Angola". Geographia e estatistica geral de Portugal e colonias (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional.
• This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Angola". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–40.
• Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878). "Angola" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 45.

• Esteves Pereira; Guilherme Rodrigues, eds. (1904). "Angola". Portugal: Diccionario Historico... (in Portuguese). Vol. 1. Lisbon: Joao Romano Torres. hdl:2027/gri.ark:/13960/t2x38qb1f. OCLC 865826167 – via HathiTrust.
• Pimenta, Fernando Tavares (2016). "White Settler Politics and Euro-African Nationalism in Angola, 1945-1975". In Edward Cavanagh & Lorenzo Veracini (ed.). The Routledge Handbook of the History of Settler Colonialism. London: Routledge. pp. 277–290. ISBN 9780367581480.
• Wright, Geoffrey (1997). The Destruction of a Nation United States' Policy Towards Angola Since 1945. London: Pluto Press. ISBN 9780745310299.